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Related Concept Videos

Hydrogen Bonds00:26

Hydrogen Bonds

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Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
Hydrogen Bonds Control the World!
Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are unequally shared....
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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Batteries and Fuel Cells03:12

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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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Stability of Conjugated Dienes01:28

Stability of Conjugated Dienes

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A comparison of the enthalpies of hydrogenation of dienes reveals that conjugated dienes release less heat on hydrogenation, rendering them more stable than their nonconjugated analogs.
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Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation01:28

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...
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Hydrogen Production and Utilization in a Membrane Reactor
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Updates on Hydrogen Value Chain: A Strategic Roadmap.

Julio Garcia-Navarro1, Mark A Isaacs2,3, Marco Favaro4

  • 1Stichting New Energy Coalition Nijenborgh 6 Groningen 9747 AG The Netherlands.

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This summary is machine-generated.

Hydrogen offers a path to reduced carbon dioxide emissions, but its widespread adoption hinges on engineering advances and cost reduction. This review analyzes the hydrogen value chain to identify challenges and opportunities for competitive, sustainable hydrogen fuel.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Energy policy and sustainable fuels
  • Chemical engineering and process optimization
  • Environmental science and climate change mitigation

Background:

  • Global priority on noncarbonized fuels to meet Paris Agreement goals.
  • Hydrogen identified as a promising low-carbon fuel alternative.
  • Implementation pace linked to engineering advancements in the hydrogen value chain.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive analysis of the hydrogen value chain.
  • To identify current challenges and recent advances in hydrogen production and utilization.
  • To assess the cost-competitiveness of hydrogen compared to existing energy sources.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature and strategic roadmaps for hydrogen.
  • Analysis of engineering challenges and advancements across the hydrogen value chain.
  • Comparative assessment of hydrogen production costs against steam methane reforming.

Main Results:

  • Identified key applications for hydrogen in industry, transport, power, and buildings.
  • Highlighted political, industrial, and social acceptance as crucial factors for adoption.
  • Determined that a levelized cost of hydrogen below $2 kg-1 is necessary for competitiveness.

Conclusions:

  • Engineering advancements are critical for accelerating hydrogen adoption.
  • Cost reduction is the primary challenge for widespread hydrogen implementation.
  • Further research and development are needed to optimize the hydrogen value chain for sustainability.