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Related Concept Videos

Constitutional Isomers of Alkanes02:18

Constitutional Isomers of Alkanes

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Organic compounds of the same molecular formula can have different structural formulas called constitutional isomers, and the phenomenon is known as constitutional isomerism. Alkanes with four or more carbons showing multiple structures with the same molecular formula thereby exhibit constitutional isomerism.
The linear isomer of an alkane is prefixed by the term “n”; hence a linear isomer of pentane is known as n-pentane. Based on the type of branching, some of the...
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Conformations of Butane02:20

Conformations of Butane

14.1K
Unlike ethane and propane that have only two major conformations, butane has more than two conformers. The staggered form of butane in which the bulky methyl groups on the two carbons are placed on opposite sides, that is, at a dihedral angle of 180°, is the lowest energy, most stable form — called the anti conformer. This conformation is stabilized due to the absence of steric repulsion between the largely spaced out methyl groups. The other two staggered conformations are...
14.1K
Physical Properties of Alkanes02:33

Physical Properties of Alkanes

10.9K
Alkanes are nonpolar molecules due to the presence of only carbon and hydrogen atoms. The electronegativity difference between carbon and hydrogen is minimal, and hence alkanes have a zero dipole moment. This leads to the presence of only dispersion forces between the molecules. The strength of dispersion forces is dependent on the surface area of the molecules on which they act. Since the surface area increases with the molecular length for straight-chain alkanes, the dispersion forces also...
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Conformations of Ethane and Propane02:18

Conformations of Ethane and Propane

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In an organic molecule, free rotation about the carbon-carbon single bond results in energetically different conformers of the molecule. Due to this rotation, called the internal rotation, ethane has two major conformations — staggered and eclipsed.
Staggered conformation is a low energy and more stable conformation with the C-H bonds on the front carbon placed at 60°dihedral angles relative to the C-H bonds on the back carbon, leading to a reduced torsional strain. In staggered...
13.9K
Physical Properties of Ethers02:17

Physical Properties of Ethers

7.0K
Overview
An ether molecule has a net dipole moment due to the polarity of C–O bonds. Subsequently, boiling points of ethers are lower than those of alcohols of comparable molecular weight and slightly higher than those of hydrocarbons of comparable molecular weight (Table 1).
Ethers can act as hydrogen bond acceptors, making them more water-soluble than hydrocarbons, but since ethers cannot act as hydrogen bond donors, they are much less soluble in water than alcohols. Ethers are considered...
7.0K
Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids02:26

Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids

40.9K
Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape); in a gas, they are far apart with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape). Particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions (cannot flow) and do not generally move in relation to one another; in a liquid, they move past each other (can flow) but remain in essentially constant contact; in a gas, they move...
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Combustion Chemistry of Fuels: Quantitative Speciation Data Obtained from an Atmospheric High-temperature Flow Reactor with Coupled Molecular-beam Mass Spectrometer
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Isobutane, Isopentane, Butane, and Propane.

Regina Tucker1, Wilma F Bergfeld2, Donald V Belsito2

  • 1Cosmetic Ingredient Review Former Scientific Analyst/Writer.

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|June 14, 2024
PubMed
Summary

The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety reaffirms that Isobutane, Isopentane, Butane, and Propane are safe for cosmetic use. This conclusion is based on reviews conducted in 1982, 2002, and most recently in 2023.

Keywords:
ButaneCosmetic Ingredient ReviewCosmeticsExpert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient SafetyIsobutaneIsopentanePropaneSafetyn-Butane

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Area of Science:

  • Cosmetic Science
  • Toxicology
  • Chemical Safety Assessment

Background:

  • The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety (Panel) initially assessed Isobutane, Isopentane, Butane, and Propane in 1982.
  • Previous reviews in 2002 reaffirmed the safety of these ingredients in cosmetic applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a re-review of the safety of Isobutane, Isopentane, Butane, and Propane.
  • To evaluate newly available safety data and update frequency and concentration of use information.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing safety data from 1982 and 2005.
  • Assessment of updated information on ingredient usage and newly published safety data from 2023.

Main Results:

  • The Panel considered updated safety data, concentration of use, and frequency of use information.
  • All available data were evaluated in the context of previous safety assessments.

Conclusions:

  • The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety reaffirmed the 1982 conclusion regarding the safety of Isobutane, Isopentane, Butane, and Propane.
  • These ingredients remain considered safe for cosmetic use under current conditions.