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Related Concept Videos

Parkinson's Disease: Treatment01:24

Parkinson's Disease: Treatment

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Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), involve the gradual and irreversible destruction of neurons in particular brain areas. These disorders exhibit standard features like proteinopathies, selective vulnerability of some neurons, and an interaction of intrinsic properties, genetics, and environmental influences in neural injury.
Parkinson's Disease is primarily a result of the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The cornerstone of...
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Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs...
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Prodrugs01:30

Prodrugs

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Prodrugs are a class of pharmaceutical compounds that undergo a biotransformation process within the body to be converted into a pharmacologically active drug. Prodrugs are designed to improve the therapeutic properties of the parent drug, such as enhancing bioavailability, increasing stability, or reducing toxicity. The concept of prodrugs revolves around modifying the chemical structure of the original drug to make it more effective or convenient for administration.
Prodrugs help overcome...
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Drug Delivery: Overview01:16

Drug Delivery: Overview

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The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the...
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Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route01:29

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

492
The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
There are three primary parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). The IV route introduces the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring immediate action. The IM route...
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Routes of Drug Administration: Parenteral01:25

Routes of Drug Administration: Parenteral

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The administration of drugs via parenteral routes allows for direct drug introduction into the systemic circulation, resulting in high bioavailability because the medication bypasses the harsh conditions of the gastrointestinal tract and hepatic metabolism.
The intravenous route (IV) of drug administration can be further categorized into two types. The bolus injection administers the entire dose rapidly, while an intravenous infusion slowly delivers smaller doses steadily.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2025

Induction and Assessment of Levodopa-induced Dyskinesias in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease
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Subcutaneous Levodopa: A New Engine for the Vintage Molecule.

Karolina Poplawska-Domaszewicz1,2, Lucia Batzu3,4, Cristian Falup-Pecurariu4,5,6

  • 1Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland. karolina.poplawska@usk.poznan.pl.

Neurology and Therapy
|June 14, 2024
PubMed
Summary

New subcutaneous foslevodopa/foscarbidopa infusion offers continuous drug delivery for advanced Parkinson's disease (PD), improving motor control and reducing off-time. This non-oral therapy shows promise for managing complex PD symptoms.

Keywords:
Continuous drug deliveryEarly morning offFoslevodopaParkinson’s diseaseSubcutaneous

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Rating L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesias in the Unilaterally 6-OHDA-Lesioned Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease
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Ole Isacson: Development of New Therapies for Parkinson's Disease
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Ole Isacson: Development of New Therapies for Parkinson's Disease

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Last Updated: Jun 23, 2025

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Ole Isacson: Development of New Therapies for Parkinson's Disease
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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Parkinson's disease (PD) management faces challenges with oral levodopa, including motor fluctuations, dyskinesias, and non-motor fluctuations (NMF).
  • Advanced PD often requires optimized drug delivery to maintain therapeutic levels and improve quality of life.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolving landscape of non-oral levodopa-based continuous drug delivery (CDD) therapies for advanced Parkinson's disease.
  • To highlight the efficacy and clinical availability of subcutaneous foslevodopa/foscarbidopa infusion.
  • To discuss other emerging non-oral CDD options and their potential integration into clinical practice.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical data and literature on non-oral levodopa-based CDD systems.
  • Focus on subcutaneous foslevodopa/foscarbidopa infusion, intrajejunal levodopa-carbidopa infusion, and levodopa-entacapone-carbidopa infusion.
  • Discussion of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic, efficacy, and safety profiles of agents like ND0612 and DIZ102/DIZ101.

Main Results:

  • Subcutaneous foslevodopa/foscarbidopa infusion demonstrates significant potential in increasing "on time" without troublesome dyskinesia and reducing "off time" in advanced PD.
  • This therapy may improve early morning off periods, sleep quality, and both motor and non-motor symptoms.
  • Emerging non-oral CDD options show promise, but require further long-term observational studies.

Conclusions:

  • Non-oral levodopa-based CDD therapies, particularly subcutaneous foslevodopa/foscarbidopa, represent a significant advancement in managing advanced Parkinson's disease.
  • These therapies offer a pragmatic approach to address limitations of oral levodopa, improving symptom control and patient outcomes.
  • Further long-term studies are needed to fully understand the impact of these novel therapies on existing PD treatment paradigms.