Sleep deprivation and recovery: Endurance racing as a novel model

The aim of this study was to investigate sleep-wake behavior and gain insights into perceived impairment (sleep, fatigue, and cognitive function) of athletes competing in two international multi-day adventure races. Twenty-four athletes took part across two independent adventure races: Queensland, Australia and Alaska, USA. Individual sleep periods were determined via actigraphy, and racers self-reported their perceived sleep disturbances, sleep impairment, fatigue and cognitive function. Each of these indices was calculated for pre-, during- and post-race periods. Sleep was severely restricted during the race period compared to pre-race (Queensland, 7:46 [0:29] vs. 2:50 [1:01]; Alaska, 7:39 [0:58] vs. 2:45 [2:05]; mean [SD], hh:mm). As a result, there was a large cumulative sleep debt at race completion, which was not 'reversed' in the post-race period (up to 1 week). The deterioration in all four self-reported scales of perceived impairment during the race period was largely restored in the post-race period. This is the first study to document objective sleep-wake behaviors and subjective impairment of adventure racers, in the context of two geographically diverse, multi-day, international adventure races. Measures of sleep deprivation indicate that sleep debt was extreme and did not recover to pre-race levels within 1 week following each race. Despite this objective debt continuing, perceived impairment returned to pre-race levels quickly post-race. Therefore, further examination of actual and perceived sleep recovery is warranted. Adventure racing presents a unique scenario to examine sleep, performance and recovery.