Epigenetic control of gene expression by cellular metabolisms in plants

Covalent modifications on DNA and histones can regulate eukaryotic gene expression and are often referred to as epigenetic modifications. These chemical reactions require various metabolites as donors or co-substrates, such as acetyl coenzyme A, S-adenosyl-l-methionine, and α-ketoglutarate. Metabolic processes that take place in the cytoplasm, nucleus, or other cellular compartments may impact epigenetic modifications in the nucleus. Here, we review recent advances on metabolic control of chromatin modifications and thus gene expression in plants, with a focus on the functions of nuclear compartmentalization of metabolic processes and enzymes in DNA and histone modifications. Furthermore, we discuss the functions of cellular metabolisms in fine-tuning gene expression to facilitate the responses or adaptation to environmental changes in plants.