Intraoperative hemodialysis with supra- and infradiaphragmatic catheters for liver transplantation

The benefits of intraoperative dialysis during orthotopic liver transplantation remain controversial. In patients with anuric renal failure and portopulmonary hypertension, maintaining venous return during caval clamping and unclamping along with minimizing fluid overload is critical to avoiding right ventricular strain and failure.

We present the case of a 54-yr-old female who underwent orthotopic liver transplantation for alcohol-related liver disease with acute decompensation including severe hepatorenal syndrome (anuric requiring dialysis), probable hepatopulmonary syndrome, moderate pulmonary hypertension (right ventricular systolic pressure, 44 mm Hg), hepatic encephalopathy (grade 2), and esophageal varices. Prior to incision, pulmonary arterial pressures were 48/28 (mean, 35) mm Hg with a central venous pressure of 30 mm Hg, cardiac output of 7.4 L·min^-1, and pulmonary vascular resistance of 98 dynes·sec·cm^-5. In the context of right ventricular strain and volume overload observed on transthoracic echocardiography, we inserted an additional dialysis catheter into the right femoral vein. We initiated dialysis using the two catheters as a circuit (femoral line to the dialysis machine; blood was reinjected via the subclavian line) acting as a limited venovenous bypass, allowing right ventricular offloading and hemodialysis throughout the case. We removed 4.5 L via hemodialysis during the surgery, while avoiding acidosis, hyperkalemia, and sodium shifts. The patient tolerated reperfusion adequately despite pre-existing right ventricular dilation and dysfunction.

We report on the use two hemodialysis catheters in a patient undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation as a circuit for simultaneous anuric hepatorenal syndrome and moderate pulmonary hypertension with right ventricular dilation and dysfunction. We believe this technique was instrumental in the patient's successful transplant.