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When can higher-order interactions produce stable coexistence?

Theo L Gibbs1, Gabriel Gellner2, Simon A Levin3

  • 1Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.

Ecology Letters
|June 15, 2024
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Ecological models often miss higher-order interactions crucial for biodiversity. This study reveals that specific interaction patterns, not just higher-order effects, can ensure species coexistence in diverse communities.

Keywords:
diverse communitieshigher‐order interactionsspecies coexistencespecies interactions

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Theoretical Ecology
  • Community Ecology

Background:

  • Traditional ecological models assume pairwise species interactions.
  • Diverse communities exhibit higher-order interactions where multiple species jointly affect a third.
  • Pairwise models may overlook higher-order interactions vital for maintaining biodiversity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the stability of ecological systems with higher-order interactions.
  • To determine conditions under which higher-order interactions promote species coexistence.
  • To identify interaction patterns that support biodiversity in complex communities.

Main Methods:

  • Exploration of stability properties in ecological dynamics.
  • Analysis of systems where higher-order interactions establish feasible equilibria.
  • Examination of the relationship between pairwise and higher-order interaction strengths.

Main Results:

  • Higher-order interactions leading to equilibria do not guarantee stable coexistence.
  • System stability is enhanced by weak or facilitative pairwise interactions.
  • Correlations between pairwise and higher-order interactions are key for robust coexistence.

Conclusions:

  • Generating stable coexistence solely through higher-order interactions is challenging.
  • Specific interaction patterns, including correlations, are essential for enabling diversity.
  • Understanding higher-order interactions is critical for predicting community stability and biodiversity.