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Responses to Drought and Flooding

Responses to Drought and Flooding

Water plays a significant role in the life cycle of plants. However, insufficient or excess of water can be detrimental and pose a serious threat to plants.

Adaptations that Reduce Water Loss

Adaptations that Reduce Water Loss

Though evaporation from plant leaves drives transpiration, it also results in loss of water. Because water is critical for photosynthetic reactions and other cellular processes, evolutionary pressures on plants in different environments have driven the acquisition of adaptations that reduce water loss.

Regulation of Transpiration by Stomata

Regulation of Transpiration by Stomata

During photosynthesis, plants acquire the necessary carbon dioxide and release the produced oxygen back into the atmosphere. Openings in the epidermis of plant leaves is the site of this exchange of gasses. A single opening is called a stoma—derived from the Greek word for “mouth.” Stomata open and close in response to a variety of environmental cues.

Primary and Secondary Growth in Roots and Shoots

Primary and Secondary Growth in Roots and Shoots

Vascular plants, which account for over 90% of the Earth’s vegetation, all undergo primary growth—which lengthens roots and shoots. Many land plants, notably woody plants, also undergo secondary growth—which thickens roots and shoots.

Water and Mineral Acquisition

Water and Mineral Acquisition

Specialized tissues in plant roots have evolved to capture water, minerals, and some ions from the soil. Roots exhibit a variety of branching patterns that facilitate this process. The outermost root cells have specialized structures called root hairs that increase the root surface, thus increasing soil contact. Water can passively cross into roots, as the concentration of water in the soil is higher than that of the root tissue. Minerals, in contrast, are actively transported into root cells.

Responses to Salt Stress

Responses to Salt Stress

Salt stress—which can be triggered by high salt concentrations in a plant’s environment—can significantly affect plant growth and crop production by influencing photosynthesis and the absorption of water and nutrients.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2025

Kinematic Analysis of Cell Division and Expansion: Quantifying the Cellular Basis of Growth and Sampling Developmental Zones in Zea mays Leaves

Kinematic Analysis of Cell Division and Expansion: Quantifying the Cellular Basis of Growth and Sampling Developmental Zones in Zea mays Leaves

Published on: December 2, 2016

Apple MdZAT5 mediates root development under drought stress.

Yutian Zhang¹, Jieqiang He¹, Gege Qin¹

¹State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.

Plant Physiology and Biochemistry : PPB

|June 16, 2024

Summary

Apple root development under drought is regulated by MdZAT5, a Cys2/His2-type Zinc-finger protein. This protein enhances drought tolerance by influencing root growth and hydraulic conductivity, offering a new avenue for breeding drought-resistant apple trees.

Keywords:

Apple (malus × domestica)Drought stress MdZAT5 Root development

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Last Updated: Jun 23, 2025

Kinematic Analysis of Cell Division and Expansion: Quantifying the Cellular Basis of Growth and Sampling Developmental Zones in Zea mays Leaves

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Published on: March 30, 2018

Area of Science:

Plant Biology
Molecular Genetics
Horticulture

Background:

Root development is critical for plant drought tolerance, particularly in apple (Malus × domestica).
The molecular mechanisms governing apple root responses to drought stress are not fully understood.
Cys2/His2-type Zinc-finger proteins are known regulators of drought response, but their roles in apple are largely uncharacterized.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify and characterize Cys2/His2-type Zinc-finger proteins in apple.
To investigate the function of MdZAT5 in regulating apple root development under drought conditions.
To elucidate the molecular mechanism by which MdZAT5 influences drought tolerance in apple.

Main Methods:

Identification of C1-2i subclass C2H2 Zinc-finger protein family members in Malus × domestica.
Analysis of MdZAT5 gene expression in apple roots under drought stress.
Functional analysis of MdZAT5 in regulating root development and hydraulic conductivity.
Investigation of MdZAT5's role in mediating the transcription of MdMYB88.

Main Results:

MdZAT5 was identified as a member of the C1-2i subclass of C2H2 Zinc-finger proteins in apple.
MdZAT5 expression is significantly induced in apple roots experiencing drought stress.
MdZAT5 positively regulates apple root development and root hydraulic conductivity under drought.
MdZAT5 mediates the transcriptional regulation of MdMYB88 under drought stress.

Conclusions:

MdZAT5 plays a crucial role in promoting apple root development and enhancing drought tolerance.
The mechanism involves MdZAT5 regulating MdMYB88 transcription, impacting root hydraulic conductivity.
MdZAT5 represents a promising target for genetic improvement of drought resistance in apple breeding programs.