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Related Concept Videos

Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 20, 2026

In vivo Structural Assessments of Ocular Disease in Rodent Models using Optical Coherence Tomography
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COVID-19 and retinal layer thickness: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study.

Kun Zhao1, Xiqiao Xiang1, Ziwei Zheng2

  • 1Department of PET-CT Molecular Imaging Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital South Campus, Shanghai, PR China.

Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders
|June 16, 2024
PubMed
Summary

COVID-19 susceptibility increases the risk of thicker ganglion cell inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL). This Mendelian randomization study confirms a causal link, enhancing understanding of COVID-19

Keywords:
COVID-19GCIPL thicknessMendelian randomizationRNFL thickness

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology and genetics
  • Infectious disease epidemiology
  • Retinal imaging and pathophysiology

Background:

  • Observational studies suggest COVID-19 impacts retinal layer thickness, specifically the ganglion cell inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL).
  • The causal relationship between COVID-19 and these retinal changes has remained unclear.
  • Understanding these links is crucial for elucidating COVID-19's broader pathophysiological effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the causal relationship between COVID-19 susceptibility and GCIPL/RNFL thickness.
  • To determine the directionality of the association using a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) design.
  • To quantify the strength of any identified causal links.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a large-scale COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative dataset (Nsample = 6,512,887).
  • Employed summary statistics from GCIPL and RNFL datasets (Ncase = 31,434 each).
  • Applied the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method as primary analysis, with MR Egger, weighted median, and other methods for robustness.
  • Conducted sensitivity analyses using RadialMR, MRPRESSO, MR-Egger regression, Cochran's Q, leave-one-out, and funnel plots to assess pleiotropy and reliability.

Main Results:

  • Forward MR analysis demonstrated that genetically predicted COVID-19 susceptibility significantly increases the risk of greater GCIPL thickness (PIVW = 3.579 × 10-4) and RNFL thickness (PIVW = 3.580 × 10-3).
  • Reverse MR analysis found no significant causal association between GCIPL/RNFL thickness and COVID-19 phenotypes.
  • Sensitivity analyses indicated no significant horizontal pleiotropy, supporting the primary findings.

Conclusions:

  • Host genetic liability to COVID-19 susceptibility is causally linked to increased GCIPL and RNFL thickness.
  • These findings provide evidence for a direct pathophysiological impact of COVID-19 on retinal structure.
  • This research contributes to understanding the mechanisms of COVID-19-associated retinopathy.