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Related Concept Videos

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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The nucleolus is the most prominent substructure of the nucleus. When it was first discovered, it was considered to be an isolated organelle that forms fibrils and granules. In 1931, the relationship between the nucleolus and chromosomes was first described by Heitz. He observed that the appearance and size of nucleolus varies depending on the stage of the cell cycle. He also noticed constricted regions on different chromosomes clustered together at definite cell cycle stages. These regions,...
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Endoscopic Studies I: Bronchoscopy and Thoracoscopy01:30

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Endoscopy is a non-surgical medical technique used to examine a person's internal organs and vessels. This lesson will focus on two types of endoscopic studies: bronchoscopy and thoracoscopy.
Bronchoscopy
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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Updated: Jun 23, 2025

A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images
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Thyroid Nodules: Past, Present, and Future.

Alan A Parsa1, Hossein Gharib2

  • 1John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii.

Endocrine Practice : Official Journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists
|June 16, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Recent advancements in thyroid nodule evaluation improve malignancy identification. However, caution is urged to avoid overdiagnosis and overtreatment of low-risk thyroid nodules.

Keywords:
BethesdaTIRADthyroid biopsythyroid cancerthyroid cytologythyroid nodulethyroid ultrasound

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Traditional thyroid nodule management relied heavily on thyroidectomy for malignancy confirmation.
  • Technological advancements over the last 30 years have revolutionized thyroid nodule diagnostics.
  • Improved imaging has enabled risk-stratification systems for identifying malignant potential.

Observation:

  • High-resolution imaging now detects numerous small, low-risk nodules, leading to potential overdiagnosis.
  • Current diagnostic protocols aim to differentiate clinically significant nodules from benign findings.
  • Cytological evaluation and molecular markers aid in refining nodule assessment.

Findings:

  • Thyroid ultrasound is the primary imaging modality for nodule evaluation.
  • Risk-of-malignancy stratification systems and standardized reporting methods enhance diagnostic accuracy.
  • Molecular markers assist in classifying indeterminate nodules, preventing unnecessary interventions.

Implications:

  • The focus is shifting towards precise identification of clinically relevant thyroid nodules.
  • Guidelines emphasize avoiding overdiagnosis and overtreatment of low-risk thyroid lesions.
  • Future pathways involve refining diagnostic tools to balance detection with clinical significance.