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Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Detection of a Circulating MicroRNA Custom Panel in Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
Published on: March 14, 2019
Comprehensive pan-cancer analysis reveals VSIR as a candidate immunologic, diagnostic, and prognostic biomarker
Jun Pan1, Ihsanullah Mahsud2, Moeen Ul Haq3
1Department of Thoracic Surgery/Cardiovascular Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Xiaoshan District, Xiaoshan Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Hangzhou 311200, Zhejiang, China.
Objectives:
Being a checkpoint, the expression level of V-set immunoregulatory receptor (VSIR) serves as an indicator of the extent of immunosuppression. Our objective was to undertake a pan-cancer analysis to examine the expression, genetic alterations, prognosis, and immunologic features associated with VSIR.
Methods:
The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx), GEPIA2, UALCAN, OncoDB, Human Protein Atlas (HPA), STRING, DAVID, cell culture, clinical sample collection, and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) were used.
Results:
This study comprehensively assessed VSIR across 33 cancers using TCGA and GTEx databases. Differential expression analysis revealed elevated VSIR in several cancers, notably in cholangiocarcinoma, esophageal carcinoma, kidney renal cell carcinoma, and liver hepatocellular carcinoma, while decreased expression was observed in various others. Prognostic analysis highlighted its significant association with reduced overall survival (OS) in ESCA and LIHC. Investigation into cancer stages demonstrated a correlation between VSIR expression and stage in ESCA and LIHC. Promoter methylation analysis indicated decreased VSIR methylation levels in tumors, implicating a role in oncogenesis. Furthermore, subcellular localization predictions, Tumor Mutational Burden (TMB), and Microsatellite Instability (MSI) correlations revealed intriguing insight into VSIR's function. Notably, a positive correlation was identified between VSIR expression and various immune cells in both cancers. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction and gene enrichment analysis elucidated VSIR-associated dysregulated pathways, emphasizing its possible involvement in diverse pathways. Finally, experimental validation using LIHC clinical samples and cell lines confirmed elevated VSIR expression, supporting its oncogenic role.
Conclusion:
Collectively, these findings present a comprehensive understanding of VSIR's diverse roles and potential clinical implications in ESCA and LIHC.
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