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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis01:30

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis

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Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe health condition in which the mean pulmonary arterial pressure increases to 25 mmHg or more, even when the body is at rest. This high pressure in the blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the lungs can cause various symptoms, including shortness of breath, can lead to right heart failure, and significantly affect the overall quality of life.
There are various classifications for PH, each relating to different underlying causes and also...
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COPD: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features01:20

COPD: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a group of lung conditions that progressively worsen over time, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. This cluster of diseases collectively leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in lung function over time.
The primary cause for the onset of COPD is cigarette smoking and exposure to air pollution. These hazardous factors initiate a chain reaction within the lungs, resulting in chronic inflammation, damage to the airways, and a...
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology01:20

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) pathophysiology is intricate and multifaceted, involving a complex interplay of physiological processes. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for effectively managing and treating COPD. Here is an in-depth look at the critical elements in the pathophysiology of COPD:
Chronic Inflammation
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Overview of Pulmonary Circulation01:19

Overview of Pulmonary Circulation

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The pulmonary circulation is a vital system in our body that acts as a bridge between the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. It serves as a transport network for deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and then returns oxygen-rich blood back to the heart.
The process begins with the right ventricle of the heart pumping deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary trunk. This large vessel extends about 5 centimeters before splitting into the left and right pulmonary arteries. These arteries...
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Vascular Resistance01:20

Vascular Resistance

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Vascular resistance is a critical concept in understanding blood flow dynamics in the circulatory system. It refers to the resistance that blood encounters as it flows through the blood vessels. This resistance is a key factor in determining blood pressure and cardiac workload.
The primary determinants of vascular resistance are vessel diameter, blood viscosity, and vessel length. Among these, vessel diameter plays the most significant role due to the fourth power relationship described by...
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-III: Symptoms and Complications.01:25

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-III: Symptoms and Complications.

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Understanding the variety of primary symptoms and systemic complications that characterize chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is crucial for healthcare professionals.
Symptoms of COPD can be classified as primary or systemic. Primary symptoms relate to reduced airflow, while systemic or extrapulmonary symptoms relate to COPD's broader impact on the body.
Primary Symptoms of COPD:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2025

Left Atrial Stenosis Induced Pulmonary Venous Arterialization and Group 2 Pulmonary Hypertension in Rat
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Clinically important pulmonary vascular variations: a narrative review.

Maciej T Pawlica1, Karolina Buchajska1, Zuzanna Gabrysz1

  • 1Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Research Institute of Chest Diseases, Warsaw, Poland.

Journal of Thoracic Disease
|June 17, 2024
PubMed
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Accurate knowledge of pulmonary vascular variations is crucial for safe thoracic surgery, especially with minimally invasive techniques. This review systematizes data on vascular patterns to aid surgical planning and patient safety.

Keywords:
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Videomorphometric Analysis of Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction of Intra-pulmonary Arteries Using Murine Precision Cut Lung Slices
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Area of Science:

  • Thoracic Surgery
  • Vascular Anatomy
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Pulmonary vascular variations are critical in thoracic surgeries.
  • Minimally invasive techniques (e.g., VATS) offer limited visualization.
  • Segmentectomies are increasingly recognized for patient benefit.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and organize data on pulmonary vascular variations and patterns.
  • To provide crucial information for safe execution of thoracic procedures.
  • To support the planning of complex surgeries like segmentectomies.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature search of PubMed and Embase databases.
  • Utilized established classifications (Nagashima, Yamashita, Boyden, Maciejewski, Shimizu).
  • Systematized data from studies and case reports.

Main Results:

  • Identified a need for more data on incidence and patterns of vascular variations in bronchopulmonary segments.
  • Highlighted the significance of venous variations in segmental resections.
  • Emphasized the utility of 3D CT reconstruction for surgical planning.

Conclusions:

  • Awareness of vascular variations is essential for surgeons, impacting procedures in unexpected ways.
  • Abnormal vessels present risks in thoracic interventions.
  • The reviewed data can benefit various medical fields involving thoracic procedures.