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Related Concept Videos

Development of Blood Vessels01:07

Development of Blood Vessels

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The development of the vascular system in a fetus is a complex and intricate process that begins as early as 15 to 16 days post-conception. This process starts outside the embryo, specifically in the mesoderm of the yolk sac, chorion, and connecting stalk. Approximately two days later, the formation of blood vessels occurs within the embryo itself.
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Overview of Hematopoiesis01:20

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Hematopoiesis, or blood cell production, is a vital biological process that begins early in embryonic development and continues throughout life. This process generates the various types of cells found in blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs).
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Blood Flow01:29

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Blood is pumped by the heart into the aorta, the largest artery in the body, and then into increasingly smaller arteries, arterioles, and capillaries. The velocity of blood flow decreases with increased cross-sectional blood vessel area. As blood returns to the heart through venules and veins, its velocity increases. The movement of blood is encouraged by smooth muscle in the vessel walls, the movement of skeletal muscle surrounding the vessels, and one-way valves that prevent backflow.
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Fetal Circulation01:14

Fetal Circulation

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Fetal circulation is a unique system that facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the developing fetus and the mother. This intricate process takes place through a special organ called the placenta.
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The process of blood cell formation is called hematopoiesis. Hematopoiesis starts early during development, on the seventh day of embryogenesis. This phase of hematopoiesis is called the primitive wave, wherein the extraembryonic yolk sac allows the production of erythroid cells and endothelial cells from a common precursor called hemangioblast. The erythroid cells provide oxygen to support the growth of the rapidly dividing embryo. Hemangioblasts later develop into hematopoietic stem cells or...
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Autoregulation mechanisms are characterized by their inherent capacity for self-regulation without necessitating specific nervous stimulation or endocrine control. These mechanisms facilitate the adjustment of blood flow and, therefore, perfusion specific to each tissue region. This self-regulation encompasses chemical signals and myogenic controls.
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Hemodynamics During Development and Postnatal Life.

Martina Gregorovicova1,2, S Samaneh Lashkarinia3, Choon Hwai Yap3

  • 1Laboratory of Developmental Cardiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|June 17, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Embryonic heart development relies on blood flow dynamics. Understanding cardiac hemodynamics in various species, including humans, is crucial for preventing congenital heart defects.

Keywords:
AxolotlChick embryoDORVDeveloping myocardiumET1EmbryogenesisEndothelin 1Fetal heartGuinea pigHLHSHemodynamicsHyperplasiaHypertrophyHypoplastic left heart syndromeKLF2Krüppel-like factor 2LambMouseNOS3Nitric oxide synthase 3Pressure overloadRatReptileVSDVolume overloadZebrafish

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Cardiac tissue motion and blood flow interact to shape the heart.
  • Hemodynamic forces are critical for cardiac growth and differentiation.
  • Proper formation of cardiac structures requires appropriate hemodynamic stresses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate blood flow through the heart and its link to species-specific development.
  • Understand the role of hemodynamics in cardiac development and malformations.
  • Explore parallels between animal models, clinical investigations, and human congenital heart diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of small and large animal models of cardiac hemodynamics.
  • Analysis of clinical investigations in human fetal and adult hearts.
  • Comparative study of hemodynamics across vertebrate species.

Main Results:

  • Hemodynamic perturbations can cause malformations via mechanobiological pathways.
  • Significant interspecies differences in cardiac hemodynamics exist.
  • Developmental similarities suggest a common pattern for human cardiac hemodynamics.

Conclusions:

  • Prenatal cardiac hemodynamics is vital for normal heart formation.
  • Abnormalities in fetal heart hemodynamics can lead to congenital heart malformations.
  • Insights from animal models and comparative studies inform our understanding of human congenital heart disease.