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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
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Stages of infection describe what happens to a susceptible host once a pathogen invades the human body. The stages of infection are incubation, prodromal, illness, stage of decline, and convalescence. The incubation stage is the period from exposure to a pathogen until symptoms start. The infected person is unaware of impending illness as the pathogens grow and multiply within the body. The duration may vary depending on the type of infection. The incubation period of measles averages ten to...
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Evolving Archetypes: Learning from Pathogen Emergence on a Nonmodel Host.

Markéta Vlková-Žlebková1, Fang Wei Yuen1, Honour C McCann1

  • 1Max Planck Institute for Biology, Tübingen, Germany;

Annual Review of Phytopathology
|June 17, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Research on kiwifruit disease caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) reveals accelerated evolution of plant resistance and pathogen virulence. Advances in understanding Psa infection and host immunity can inform future plant disease management strategies.

Keywords:
Actinidia chinensisPseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiaepathogen emergenceplant–microbe interactionsplant–pathogen coevolution

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Area of Science:

  • Plant pathology
  • Microbial evolution
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Disease outbreaks accelerate understanding of microbial evolution, virulence, and plant-pathogen interactions.
  • The emergence of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) in kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) highlighted parallel paths in host adaptation and antimicrobial resistance evolution.
  • Mobile genetic elements played a role in accelerating Psa evolution and spread.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate host adaptation and antimicrobial resistance evolution in the context of Psa outbreaks.
  • To identify type 3 effectors involved in virulence and recognition in kiwifruit.
  • To explore the molecular mechanisms of immunity and resistance gene evolution in Actinidia species.

Main Methods:

  • Genomic analysis of Actinidia species following the Psa3 pandemic.
  • Identification of type 3 effectors in kiwifruit and Actinidia arguta.
  • Comparative genomics to study resistance gene evolution.

Main Results:

  • Psa evolution demonstrated parallel paths to host adaptation and antimicrobial resistance.
  • Type 3 effectors crucial for virulence and recognition in A. chinensis and A. arguta were identified.
  • Genomic insights revealed homologs of RPM1 and RPS2 resistance genes and novel CCG10-NLR expansions in Actinidia.

Conclusions:

  • Host-mediated selection significantly shapes pathogen virulence.
  • Advances in Actinidia genomics provide new insights into plant immunity and resistance gene evolution.
  • Methodologies developed for Psa pandemic response are applicable to other plant pathosystems and outbreaks.