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Updated: Jun 23, 2025

Design and Construction of an Urban Runoff Research Facility
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Urban Stormwater Phosphorus Export Control: Comparing Traditional and Low-impact Development Best Management

Bowen Zhou1,2, Chris Parsons3, Philippe Van Cappellen1,2

  • 1Ecohydrology Research Group, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Ontario, Canada.

Environmental Science & Technology
|June 17, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Low-impact development (LID) systems may increase phosphorus export in stormwater runoff compared to traditional best management practices (BMPs). This finding suggests careful consideration of BMP selection to mitigate risks of freshwater eutrophication.

Keywords:
EutrophicationLow-impact developmentMachine learningPhosphorus export controlUrban stormwater management

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Engineering
  • Water Quality Management
  • Ecosystem Health

Background:

  • Stormwater Best Management Practices (BMPs) are crucial for managing urban phosphorus (P) export.
  • Traditional BMPs (ponds, wetlands, basins) and Low-Impact Development (LID) systems (bioretention, swales, strips) are commonly employed.
  • Understanding the comparative P control performance of these systems is essential for effective water quality management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the phosphorus (P) control performance of traditional stormwater BMPs and LID systems.
  • To evaluate the reduction or enrichment factors of total P (TP) and soluble reactive P (SRP) for different BMP categories.
  • To assess the influence of climate and watershed characteristics on BMP P control efficacy.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from the International Stormwater Best Management Practices (BMP) Database.
  • Trained machine learning (ML) models to predict P concentration and loading factors for various BMPs.
  • Compared P control performance between traditional BMPs and LID systems.

Main Results:

  • LID systems generally enriched total P (TP) and soluble reactive P (SRP) concentrations in stormwater outflow compared to traditional BMPs.
  • LID systems exhibited poorer P runoff load control.
  • SRP concentration control by LIDs was sensitive to climate (drier climates showed enrichment) and watershed characteristics (low inflow SRP, high impervious cover).

Conclusions:

  • Stormwater BMPs do not universally reduce urban P export.
  • Prioritizing LIDs over traditional BMPs may inadvertently increase TP and SRP export to freshwater bodies.
  • This increased P export can exacerbate eutrophication risks in receiving waters.