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PAHs contamination in ports: Status, sources and risks.

Roberto Xavier Supe Tulcan1, Lianhua Liu2, Xiaoxia Lu1

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are degrading coastal ecosystems. This review found increasing PAH levels in port waters and biota globally, posing moderate to high risks to aquatic life.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Marine Ecology
  • Ecotoxicology

Background:

  • Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are persistent organic pollutants impacting coastal ecosystems.
  • Port ecosystems are critical interfaces for evaluating contaminant status and promoting sustainability.
  • Understanding PAH distribution and risks is vital for environmental protection and management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the global distribution, sources, and ecological risks of PAHs in port ecosystems.
  • To analyze PAH concentrations in water, sediment, and biota across worldwide ports.
  • To assess temporal trends and influencing factors of PAH contamination in ports.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review of 123 articles on PAH contamination in ports.
  • Meta-analysis of PAH concentrations in water, sediment, and biota.
  • Analysis of temporal trends, sources, and influencing factors (e.g., port structure).
  • Risk assessment using Monte Carlo simulation.

Main Results:

  • Global mean PAH concentrations: water (175.63 ng/L), sediment (1592.65 μg/kg), biota (268.47 μg/kg).
  • Highest concentrations in Asian ports (water, biota) and African ports (sediment).
  • Increasing temporal trends for PAHs in port waters and biota; stable in sediments.
  • Elevated PAH levels in many ports, with some exceeding guidelines (e.g., Benzo(a)pyrene).
  • Semi-enclosed ports showed higher sediment PAH levels but lower water/biota levels compared to open ports.
  • Moderate to high risks to aquatic species (74.8% in water, 34.4% in sediment).

Conclusions:

  • PAH contamination in port aquatic ecosystems is a growing concern, with increasing levels in water and biota.
  • Combustion of coal, biomass, and petroleum are primary PAH sources, influenced by port structure.
  • Significant ecological risks to aquatic organisms necessitate targeted management strategies for PAH pollutants in ports.