Methodological and Physiological Study during Seed Dormancy Release of Symplocos paniculata

Symplocos paniculata are reported to exhibit seed dormancy, which impedes its cultivation and widespread adoption. In this study, a comprehensive method was established to overcome seed dormancy by subjecting seeds to scarification in 98% H₂SO₄ for 10 min, followed by 1000 mg·L^-1 GA₃ soaking for 48 h and stratification at 4 °C for 100 days. The seed germination percentage has increased significantly, to a peak of 42.67%, though the seeds could not germinate timely by NaOH scarification. Additionally, the dynamic changes of key stored substances (proteins, soluble sugars, starches, and fats), associated enzyme activities (amylases, peroxidase, and catalase), and endogenous hormones (abscisic acid, gibberellic acid, and indole-3-acetic acid) in seeds were investigated. The results demonstrated a continuous degradation of starch and fat in S. paniculata seeds, while the levels of protein and soluble sugar exhibited fluctuations, which probably facilitated seed dormancy breaking through energy supply and transformation. The enzymatic activities underwent rapid changes, accompanied by a gradual decrease in ABA content within the seeds with increasing stratification time. Notably, GA₃, GA₃/ABA, and (GA₃ + IAA)/ABA showed significant increases, indicating their positive regulatory roles in seed germination. This study clarified the dormancy mechanism and established an effective method for the release dormancy of S. paniculata seeds.