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Related Concept Videos

MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
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Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the...
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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. The mechanism was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in plants. Today, it is observed in almost all eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. This precise cellular mechanism of gene silencing has been developed into a technique that provides an efficient way to identify and determine the...
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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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How MicroRNAs Command the Battle against Cancer.

Hong Helena Wu1, Sarah Leng2, Consolato Sergi2,3

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MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small RNAs regulating human genes, are crucial in cancer development. This review explores their role in tumorigenesis and how they regulate tumor suppressors like p53 and PTEN.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Oncology

Background:

  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of human gene expression, impacting over 30% of genes.
  • Dysregulation and under-expression of miRNAs are frequently observed in human tumors.
  • Emerging evidence highlights the critical role of miRNAs in cancer initiation and progression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted roles of miRNAs in human cancer.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which miRNAs regulate critical tumor suppressor pathways.
  • To discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting miRNA regulation in cancer treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating miRNA function in tumorigenesis.
  • Analysis of miRNA regulation of specific tumor suppressors, including p53, miR-144/451, and PTEN.
  • Discussion of experimental evidence demonstrating the impact of miRNA interference on cancer development.

Main Results:

  • MiRNAs are causally implicated in cancer development, with many being under-expressed in tumors.
  • Specific miRNAs regulate key tumor suppressors, influencing cancer cell behavior.
  • The miR-144/451 cluster's role in the Itch-p63-Ago2 pathway is a significant finding.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding miRNA-mediated regulation of tumor suppressors is vital for cancer research.
  • Targeting miRNA pathways offers promising avenues for novel anticancer therapies.
  • Further research into miRNA regulation will accelerate the development of effective cancer treatments.