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GNN Codon Adjacency Tunes Protein Translation.

Joyce Sun1, Pete Hwang1, Eric D Sakkas1

  • 1Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|June 19, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ribosomes read mRNA codons in pairs, not one by one. Adjacent NNN GNN codon pairs cause translation slowdown, impacting protein evolution.

Keywords:
codon adjacencyprotein translationribosome CAR surfaceribosome translocationwobble base pairing

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The central dogma describes ribosomes reading mRNA codons individually.
  • Previous studies suggest ribosomes may perceive adjacent codons.
  • GNN codons are overrepresented in eukaryote protein-coding open reading frames (ORFs), particularly after NNU codons.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate ribosome interaction with adjacent codons.
  • To determine the functional impact of NNU-GNN codon pairs on translation.
  • To explore the role of the ribosome's CAR surface in codon recognition.

Main Methods:

  • Ribosome profiling experiments in yeast.
  • Analysis of 21-nucleotide ribosome footprints (21-nt RFPs).
  • Examination of codon overrepresentation in eukaryote protein-coding sequences.

Main Results:

  • Ribosomes show elevated densities at NNU codons followed by GNN codons, indicating slower translation.
  • This slowdown is observed across multiple codon classes preceding GNN codons.
  • The ribosome's CAR surface likely mediates this interaction through hydrogen bonding and pi stacking.

Conclusions:

  • Ribosomes perceive and are slowed by adjacent 5'-NNN GNN codon pairs.
  • This translation modulation is influenced by the ribosome's CAR surface.
  • NNN GNN codon adjacency likely plays a role in the evolution of protein-coding sequences.