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Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II

sp3d and sp3d 2 Hybridization

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...

IR Absorption Frequency: Hybridization

IR Absorption Frequency: Hybridization

Hydrocarbons such as alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes show characteristic C–H stretching absorption bands. These IR stretching frequencies depend on the hybridization of the involved carbon atom and can be explained in terms of the s character of each hybridized atomic orbital.
Among the sp, sp2, and sp3 hybridized orbitals, sp orbitals have the maximum s character (50%). Consequently, the electrons are held more closely to the nucleus, resulting in stronger and shorter C–H bonds that...

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers. Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.

Electron Orbital Model

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In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. In a multielectron atom, electron-electron repulsions are also observed. The attractive and repulsive forces are dependent on the distance between the particles, as well as the sign and magnitude of the charges on the individual particles. When the charges on the particles are opposite, they attract each other. If both particles have the same charge, they repel each other.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2025

Design, Fabrication, and Experimental Characterization of Plasmonic Photoconductive Terahertz Emitters

Design, Fabrication, and Experimental Characterization of Plasmonic Photoconductive Terahertz Emitters

Published on: July 8, 2013

Efficient Orbitronic Terahertz Emission Based on CoPt Alloy.

Yongshan Liu^1,2,3, Yong Xu^1,2, Albert Fert⁴

¹National Key Laboratory of Spintronics, Hangzhou International Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou, 311115, China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)

|June 19, 2024

Summary

Researchers developed a more efficient way to generate orbital currents using Cobalt-Platinum (CoPt) alloys, leading to stronger terahertz emission. This breakthrough enhances the potential for developing advanced orbital terahertz emitters.

Keywords:

ballistic decoherence length efficient orbital terahertz emitter orbital‐to‐charge conversion

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Last Updated: Jun 23, 2025

Design, Fabrication, and Experimental Characterization of Plasmonic Photoconductive Terahertz Emitters

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Published on: July 8, 2013

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Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

Published on: June 8, 2018

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Condensed Matter Physics
Optoelectronics

Background:

Orbitronic devices utilize orbitally polarized currents for operation.
Current methods excite orbital currents with lasers, but terahertz emission efficiency is limited in materials like Nickel (Ni).

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate efficient light-induced orbital current generation in Cobalt-Platinum (CoPt) alloys.
To enhance terahertz (THz) emission from orbitronic devices.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of CoPt/Cu/MgO heterostructures with varying compositions and layer thicknesses.
Excitation of orbital currents using femtosecond laser pulses.
Characterization of terahertz emission properties.

Main Results:

CoPt alloys demonstrate more efficient light-induced orbital current generation compared to Ni.
Terahertz emission from CoPt/Cu/MgO devices is comparable to benchmark spintronic terahertz emitters.
Orbital current generation within CoPt, propagation through Cu, and conversion at the Cu/MgO interface were confirmed.

Conclusions:

CoPt alloys are promising materials for efficient orbital current generation.
The findings pave the way for developing highly efficient orbital terahertz emitters.
The study elucidates the mechanism of THz emission originating from orbital dynamics.