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Updated: May 14, 2026
Extracting Visual Evoked Potentials from EEG Data Recorded During fMRI-guided Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Published on: May 12, 2014
Effect of inverted faces as visual stimuli on the performance of the hybrid SSVEP + P300 brain computer interface
1Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Sankalchand Patel University, 384315 Visnagar, Gujarat, India; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, TGP College of Engineering and Technology, Nagpur University, 440033 Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.
Introduction:
This study proposes a hybrid brain-computer interface (BCI) system that simultaneously evokes steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEP) and event-related potentials (P300). The goal of this study was to improve the performance of the current hybrid SSVEP + P300 BCI systems by incorporating inverted faces into visual stimuli.
Methods:
In this study, upright and inverted faces were added to visual stimulus to elicit stronger cortical responses in a hybrid SSVEP + P300 BCI. We also considered triggering the P300 signals with facial stimuli and the SSVEP signals with non-facial stimuli. We have tested four paradigms: the upright face paradigm (UF), the inverted face paradigm (IF), the upright face and flicker paradigm (UFF), and the inverted face and flicker paradigm (IFF).
Results And Conclusions:
The results showed that the IFF paradigm evoked more robust cortical responses, which led to enhanced system accuracy and ITR. The IFF paradigm had an average accuracy of 96.6% and a system communication rate of 26.45 bits per second. The UFF paradigm is the best candidate for BCI applications among other paradigms because it provides maximum comfort while maintaining a reasonable ITR.
