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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Power02:36

Nuclear Power

7.7K
Controlled nuclear fission reactions are used to generate electricity. Any nuclear reactor that produces power via the fission of uranium or plutonium by bombardment with neutrons has six components: nuclear fuel consisting of fissionable material, a nuclear moderator, a neutron source, control rods, reactor coolant, and a shield and containment system.
Nuclear Fuels
Nuclear fuel consists of a fissile isotope, such as uranium-235, which must be present in sufficient quantity to provide a...
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Nuclear Transmutation03:20

Nuclear Transmutation

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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
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Nuclear Fission02:50

Nuclear Fission

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Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger binding energies per nucleon—that is, mass numbers and binding energies per nucleon that are closer to the “peak” of the binding energy graph near 56. Sometimes neutrons are also produced. This decomposition of a large nucleus into smaller pieces is called fission. The breaking is rather random with the formation of a large...
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Nuclear Fusion02:45

Nuclear Fusion

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The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
A helium nucleus has a mass that is 0.7% less than that of four hydrogen nuclei; this lost mass is converted into energy during the fusion. This reaction produces about...
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Nuclear Export01:42

Nuclear Export

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The nucleus restricts several proteins within and allows others to pass. The restricted proteins possess a nuclear retention sequence or NRS, anchoring them to the nuclear lamins and preventing their transport to the cytosol. The non-restricted proteins, after their synthesis, are transported to their site of action, such as the cytosol or other organelles, with the help of nuclear export signals or NES.
NES are of three types- the canonical 10-residue long leucine-rich signal and other...
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Diamagnetic Shielding of Nuclei: Local Diamagnetic Current01:14

Diamagnetic Shielding of Nuclei: Local Diamagnetic Current

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An applied magnetic field causes the electrons present in the molecule to circulate, setting up a local diamagnetic current within the molecule. The local diamagnetic current arising from circulating sigma-bonding electrons induces a magnetic field, Blocal that opposes the applied magnetic field, B0. The effective magnetic field experienced by these nuclei is given by the difference between the applied and local magnetic fields in a phenomenon called local diamagnetic shielding. Essentially,...
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Updated: Jun 23, 2025

Laser-heating and Radiance Spectrometry for the Study of Nuclear Materials in Conditions Simulating a Nuclear Power Plant Accident
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Laser-heating and Radiance Spectrometry for the Study of Nuclear Materials in Conditions Simulating a Nuclear Power Plant Accident

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Reducing nuclear dangers.

Matthew Bunn1

  • 1Matthew Bunn is the James R. Schlesinger Professor of the Practice of Energy, National Security, and Foreign Policy, Harvard Kennedy School, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|June 20, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Global nuclear threats are escalating due to international tensions and advanced military technologies. The current risk of nuclear conflict is the highest seen since the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Area of Science:

  • International Relations
  • Security Studies
  • Nuclear Proliferation

Background:

  • Multiple nations, including Russia, China, North Korea, India, Pakistan, and Iran, are actively expanding or developing nuclear capabilities.
  • Geopolitical conflicts and ongoing nuclear competition are increasing global instability.
  • Emerging technologies like hypersonic missiles and artificial intelligence are impacting military balances.

Discussion:

  • The abstract highlights a significant and multifaceted increase in global nuclear threats.
  • It points to a potential arms race, with the US considering a nuclear buildup in response to international developments.
  • The integration of new technologies is identified as a factor exacerbating instability.

Key Insights:

  • The current geopolitical climate presents a heightened risk of nuclear war, comparable to the Cuban Missile Crisis era.

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  • A complex web of state-level nuclear advancements and technological disruptions is creating a volatile security environment.
  • Policy-makers are actively debating responses, including potential nuclear arms expansion.

    • Outlook:

    • Continued monitoring of international nuclear programs and technological advancements is crucial.
    • Diplomatic efforts and arms control measures may be necessary to mitigate escalating risks.
    • The potential for miscalculation or accidental escalation is a growing concern in the current strategic landscape.