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Oxygen Transport in the Blood01:27

Oxygen Transport in the Blood

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Hemoglobin (Hb) is a crucial molecule in the human body, consisting of four polypeptide chains, each bound to an iron-containing heme group. This unique structure enables hemoglobin to bind to oxygen, with each molecule capable of combining with four molecules of oxygen, leading to rapid and reversible oxygen loading. When fully loaded with oxygen, it is called oxyhemoglobin, while hemoglobin that has released oxygen is called reduced hemoglobin or deoxyhemoglobin. As hemoglobin binds oxygen,...
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Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

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Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
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Physiological Control of Respiration01:23

Physiological Control of Respiration

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Introduction
Breathing, a seemingly passive process, is regulated by the respiratory center in the brainstem. This center coordinates the involuntary control of respirations, which means it occurs without conscious effort, ensuring a smooth and uninterrupted pattern.
Regulation of Ventilation
The body maintains ventilation by monitoring levels of carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), and hydrogen ion concentration (pH) in the arterial blood. Among these factors, the level of CO2 plays a crucial...
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Gas Exchange and Transport01:20

Gas Exchange and Transport

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Gas exchange, the intake of molecular oxygen (O2) from the environment and the outflow of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the environment, is necessary for cellular function. Gas exchange during respiration occurs largely via the movement of gas molecules along pressure gradients. Gas travels from areas of higher partial pressure to areas of lower partial pressure. In mammals, gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs, which are adjacent to capillaries and share a membrane with them.
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Chemical Factors Affecting Respiration Centers01:31

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Chemical factors such as changing CO2, O2, and H+ levels in arterial blood play a critical role in influencing respiration depth and rates. These variations are detected by chemoreceptors—specialized sensors located in two primary body areas. Central chemoreceptors are found throughout the brain stem, including the ventrolateral medulla, while peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the aortic arch and carotid arteries.
CO2 has a potent influence on respiration and is strictly regulated....
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Oxygen Delivering System II: Venturi Mask and Transtracheal Oxygen01:16

Oxygen Delivering System II: Venturi Mask and Transtracheal Oxygen

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Oxygen therapy is a pivotal aspect of medical care, particularly for patients with respiratory ailments. Two prominent oxygen-delivering systems include the Venturi mask and the transtracheal oxygen catheter.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2025

Single-throughput Complementary High-resolution Analytical Techniques for Characterizing Complex Natural Organic Matter Mixtures
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Single-throughput Complementary High-resolution Analytical Techniques for Characterizing Complex Natural Organic Matter Mixtures

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Atmospheric oxygenation as a potential trigger for climate cooling.

Guang-Yi Wei1, Gaojun Li1

  • 1School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, and Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.

Science Bulletin
|June 20, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Atmospheric oxygen

Area of Science:

  • Geochemistry
  • Paleoclimatology
  • Climate Science

Background:

  • Atmospheric CO2 and climate variations are linked to silicate weathering.
  • Oxidative weathering's role in weathering fronts is known, but its impact on climate is unclear.
  • The influence of atmospheric oxygen concentration (pO2) on silicate weathering and climate needs further evaluation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To numerically model the effects of atmospheric oxygen concentration (pO2) on global climate.
  • To investigate how pO2 influences regolith thickness and granite weathering duration.
  • To assess the impact of pO2-driven weathering on climate cooling and glacial events.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a numerical model to simulate climate.
  • Incorporation of pO2's effect on regolith thickness and weathering duration.
Keywords:
Atmospheric oxygenationCarbon cycleGlaciationSnowball EarthWeathering front

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  • Analysis of model outputs for climate cooling and feedback mechanisms.

    • Main Results:

    • Increased weathering efficiency due to higher pO2 can cause significant climate cooling (up to 8°C).
    • A one-order of magnitude rise in pO2 correlates with substantial cooling.
    • This cooling can trigger ice-albedo feedback, leading to Snowball Earth events.

    Conclusions:

    • Atmospheric oxygen concentration is a significant, previously underestimated, factor in regulating global climate.
    • Changes in pO2 can drive major climate shifts, including intense glaciation.
    • The model suggests pO2 influenced Phanerozoic icehouse climates.