Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Cognitive Psychology01:20

Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

464
Cognitive psychology is the field of psychology dedicated to examining how people think. It attempts to explain how and why we think the way we do by studying the interactions among human thinking, emotion, creativity, language, and problem-solving, as well as other cognitive processes. Cognitive psychology studies how information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing.
This field emerged in the mid-20th century, following a period dominated by behaviorism, which...
464
Cognitivism01:17

Cognitivism

1.4K
Cognitive psychology emerged as a significant field in the mid-20th century. It focused on understanding humans' internal mental processes. This approach emphasizes how people perceive, remember, think, and solve problems—elements critical to human cognition.
Previously dominated by behaviorism, which prioritized observable behaviors and largely ignored mental processes, psychology transformed in the 1950s. Cognitive psychologists argue that understanding how we think and process...
1.4K
Revisionist Views of Adolescent and Adult Cognition01:24

Revisionist Views of Adolescent and Adult Cognition

31
A revisionist approach to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development has brought new insights that challenge and reinterpret his established ideas. Piaget proposed that the formal operational stage, emerging in adolescence, represents the culmination of cognitive maturity. During this stage, individuals are said to develop abstract thinking, engage in systematic problem-solving, and show a form of egocentrism, believing others are as preoccupied with their behavior as they are...
31
Subconsciousness and No Awareness01:15

Subconsciousness and No Awareness

237
The concept of subconscious awareness refers to the processing of information below the level of conscious thought, which significantly influences both behaviors and decisions. It is also known as waking subconscious awareness. This complex level of cognition operates without the direct awareness of the individual, facilitating rapid and simultaneous handling of multiple information streams.
An illustrative example of subconscious processing is its role in problem-solving. Often, individuals...
237
Cognitive Development During Adulthood01:30

Cognitive Development During Adulthood

88
Cognitive development continues throughout adulthood, undergoing significant shifts across early, middle, and late stages. Individual transition occurs from adolescent idealism to pragmatic and adaptable thinking in early adulthood. During this period, individuals learn to integrate personal beliefs with the recognition that other perspectives are equally valid. Exposure to the complexities of modern society, diverse experiences, and higher education contribute to this adaptive thought process,...
88
High-Level and Low-Level Awareness01:19

High-Level and Low-Level Awareness

262
Controlled processes in human consciousness represent high-alert mental states where individuals deliberately focus their attention on achieving specific goals. Controlled processes can be seen in situations like mastering new technology, where a person might become so absorbed that they ignore surrounding distractions. Such processes involve selective attention, requiring one to concentrate on particular elements of experience while disregarding others. These are governed by executive...
262

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Clinical Importance of the Newly Emerging Influenza A(H3N2) Subclade K as the Dominant Variant.

Reviews in medical virology·2026
Same author

Pan-PCR Diagnostic Efficacy in Comparison with Traditional Methods in Patients with Septic Arthritis.

Iranian journal of pathology·2026
Same author

Cytomegalovirus infection in patients with rheumatic disorders under rituximab treatment: a scoping review.

Advances in rheumatology (London, England)·2026
Same author

Wrist Range of Motion Variability for Adaptive Exoskeleton Design: A Study on users with and without SCI or ALS.

Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference·2025
Same author

Clinical Assessment Of A Five-DOF Upper Limb Exoskeleton For Severely Disabled Individuals In Performing Daily Activities.

Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference·2025
Same author

Mastering Tongue-Computer Interfaces: A Pilot Study on How Users Improve With Practice.

Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference·2025
Same journal

Needs, resources, and barriers among family caregivers of people with dementia: a qualitative study.

Aging clinical and experimental research·2026
Same journal

Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of activity diversity with physical function in community-dwelling older adults.

Aging clinical and experimental research·2026
Same journal

Driving the future of geriatric and musculoskeletal medicine-the continuing ascent of ACER.

Aging clinical and experimental research·2026
Same journal

Perceptions, motivations, needs and experiences of geriatricians with regard to research and research consortia.

Aging clinical and experimental research·2026
Same journal

Pain and the aging brain: beyond association toward action.

Aging clinical and experimental research·2026
Same journal

Beyond hospice: the burden of palliative care needs in hospitals and long-term care facilities. A nationwide multicenter study.

Aging clinical and experimental research·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2025

SECONDs Administration Guidelines: A Fast Tool to Assess Consciousness in Brain-injured Patients
11:05

SECONDs Administration Guidelines: A Fast Tool to Assess Consciousness in Brain-injured Patients

Published on: February 6, 2021

14.6K

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction: a concept analysis.

Hesam Aldin Varpaei1, Kousha Farhadi2, Mostafa Mohammadi3

  • 1College of Nursing, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA. varpaeih@msu.edu.

Aging Clinical and Experimental Research
|June 20, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Post-operative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) affects many surgical patients, with unclear definitions. This analysis refines POCD understanding, identifying risk factors and consequences for better clinical care.

Keywords:
AnesthesiaDeliriumNeurocognitive disordersPost-operative cognitive dysfunction

More Related Videos

A Mouse Model of Orthopedic Surgery to Study Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction and Tissue Regeneration
08:17

A Mouse Model of Orthopedic Surgery to Study Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction and Tissue Regeneration

Published on: February 27, 2018

16.4K
Author Spotlight: Rehabilitation of Stroke Patients With a Digital Occupational Training System
07:35

Author Spotlight: Rehabilitation of Stroke Patients With a Digital Occupational Training System

Published on: December 29, 2023

1.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 23, 2025

SECONDs Administration Guidelines: A Fast Tool to Assess Consciousness in Brain-injured Patients
11:05

SECONDs Administration Guidelines: A Fast Tool to Assess Consciousness in Brain-injured Patients

Published on: February 6, 2021

14.6K
A Mouse Model of Orthopedic Surgery to Study Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction and Tissue Regeneration
08:17

A Mouse Model of Orthopedic Surgery to Study Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction and Tissue Regeneration

Published on: February 27, 2018

16.4K
Author Spotlight: Rehabilitation of Stroke Patients With a Digital Occupational Training System
07:35

Author Spotlight: Rehabilitation of Stroke Patients With a Digital Occupational Training System

Published on: December 29, 2023

1.2K

Area of Science:

  • Medical research
  • Neuroscience
  • Anesthesiology

Background:

  • Post-operative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a significant clinical concern following general anesthesia, affecting 36.6%-42.4% of patients.
  • Existing literature lacks conceptual clarity regarding POCD, necessitating a comprehensive analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically appraise and establish a definitive concept of POCD.
  • To synthesize POCD attributes, risk factors, and consequences.

Main Methods:

  • A PRISMA-guided, 6-step evolutionary concept analysis.
  • Literature search across Medline, CINAHL, and Web of Science, yielding 86 articles.

Main Results:

  • POCD involves transient, reversible cognitive changes across single or multiple domains after major surgery, lasting weeks to years.
  • Consequences include impaired quality of life, labor force withdrawal, increased dependency, cognitive decline, dementia risk, higher costs, and mortality.

Conclusions:

  • A refined definition and analysis of POCD are provided for researchers and clinicians.
  • Further research is needed to operationalize POCD definitions, aligning them with core attributes.