Insulin secretion, adipocyte insulin binding and insulin sensitivity in thyrotoxicosis

The pattern of insulin secretion following an oral glucose load and the insulin receptor status and insulin sensitivity of adipocytes have been studied in patients with thyrotoxicosis and in matched controls. Thyrotoxic subjects showed normal basal and peak levels of serum immunoreactive insulin (peak, 69.0 +/- 6.8 vs 54.3 +/- 8.8 mU/l) and serum C-peptide (peak, 1.95 +/- 0.13 vs 1.71 +/- 0.12 nmol/l for thyrotoxic and control subjects, respectively). Peak serum proinsulin was higher in the thyrotoxic group (64.8 +/- 7.3 vs 39.0 +/- 3.7 pmol/l; P less than 0.01). Maximum specific insulin binding to adipocytes was decreased in the thyrotoxic group (1.80 +/- 0.18 vs 2.62 +/- 0.27%; P less than 0.025) and half-maximum displacement of tracer insulin was similar in the two groups, suggesting that reduced receptor number rather than reduced affinity accounted for the difference. However, adipocyte insulin sensitivity was normal as judged by half-maximal stimulation values of 13.9 +/- 3.6 vs 11.4 +/- 2.1 pmol/l, respectively for lipogenesis and 24.3 +/- 2.2 vs 24.6 +/- 3.6 pmol/l, respectively for glucose transport. Hence, thyroid hormone excess appears to affect adipocyte insulin receptor number directly, but change in receptor number is not associated with change in adipocyte insulin sensitivity in hyperthyroidism. The normal insulin secretion together with the failure to demonstrate abnormal insulin sensitivity of one of the major peripheral tissues suggests that disturbed hepatic rather than peripheral insulin responsiveness may be responsible for the glucose intolerance of hyperthyroidism.