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The serial position effect is a cognitive phenomenon where individuals are more likely to recall the first and last items in a list compared to those in the middle. This effect is divided into the primacy effect and the recency effect. The primacy effect is observed when the initial items in a list are remembered better. This occurs because these items are rehearsed more frequently or receive more elaborative processing, allowing them to be encoded into long-term memory more effectively. For...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2025

Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories
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The ownership memory self-reference effect shifts recognition criterion but not recognition sensitivity.

S D Sparks1, A Kritikos2

  • 1School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, 4072, Australia.

Psychological Research
|June 21, 2024
PubMed
Summary

The memory self-reference effect shows better recall for self-related information. This study found people use a stricter decision criterion for self-owned items, especially when involving their mother, impacting memory processing.

Keywords:
CriterionMemory self-reference effectOwnershipSensitivitySource memory

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Social Psychology

Background:

  • The memory self-reference effect demonstrates superior recall for self-referenced information compared to information referenced to others.
  • The influence of social context and task specifics on decision-making within this effect remains incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how social context (stranger vs. mother) and task demands affect decision-making processes in the recognition memory self-reference paradigm.
  • To analyze recognition sensitivity and criterion parameters for self- and other-owned objects.

Main Methods:

  • A virtual object allocation task where participants assigned objects to themselves or another person (stranger or mother).
  • A subsequent recognition memory task assessing object ownership and old/new status.
  • Signal detection theory was applied to owner-specific hit rates and false-alarm rates to derive recognition sensitivity (d') and criterion (c) parameters.

Main Results:

  • No significant evidence for a recognition self-reference effect on sensitivity (d').
  • Participants exhibited a more conservative recognition criterion (c) for self-owned objects compared to other-owned objects.
  • This conservative criterion was more pronounced when the 'other' was the participant's mother versus a stranger.
  • A bias towards attributing ownership to the 'other' was observed during discrimination tasks.

Conclusions:

  • Ownership influences decisional processing during recognition memory, leading to adjusted response criteria rather than altered sensitivity.
  • Social context, particularly close relationships like a mother, significantly modulates these ownership-based decision-making adjustments.
  • Findings suggest that the memory self-reference effect is mediated by ownership-related biases in decision criteria.