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The Blood-brain Barrier00:49

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 6, 2026

A High-Throughput Image-Guided Stereotactic Neuronavigation and Focused Ultrasound System for Blood-Brain Barrier Opening in Rodents
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CMUT as a Transmitter for Microbubble-Assisted Blood-Brain Barrier Opening.

M Sait Kilinc, Reza Pakdaman Zangabad, Costas Arvanitis

    IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control
    |June 21, 2024
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) can now transmit focused ultrasound (FUS) for blood-brain barrier (BBB) opening. A novel polyphase modulation (PM) technique effectively isolates microbubble signals, enabling CMUTs for FUS applications.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Acoustic Physics
    • Neuroscience

    Background:

    • Focused ultrasound (FUS) with microbubbles (MBs) is a key strategy for opening the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to improve drug delivery.
    • Current FUS systems use piezoelectric transducers, but capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) offer potential as broad-bandwidth alternatives.
    • CMUTs' nonlinear behavior and low-pressure output at FUS frequencies have limited their use as transmitters for BBB opening.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the feasibility of using CMUTs as transmitters for FUS-mediated BBB opening.
    • To develop and validate a method to mitigate CMUT nonlinearity and isolate MB signals for BBB opening applications.

    Main Methods:

    • Proposed the use of polyphase modulation (PM) to isolate MB emissions from CMUT transmitters.
    • Calculated required pressure levels for a human-scale FUS system (10-kPa peak negative pressure at 150-mm focal distance).
    • Experimentally validated CMUT pressure generation and PM signal processing in free field, transcranial measurements, and in vitro tube phantoms with Definity MBs.

    Main Results:

    • Calculations confirmed 10-kPa PNP is sufficient for MB excitation.
    • Readily available CMUTs can generate the required pressure levels at 400-800 kHz.
    • PM achieved over 50-dB suppression of fundamental harmonic signals.
    • In vitro tests demonstrated adequate nonlinear signal isolation and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for MB harmonic detection.

    Conclusions:

    • Polyphase modulation effectively mitigates CMUT harmonic generation for FUS BBB opening.
    • CMUTs can be utilized as transmitters for FUS applications, expanding their potential.
    • This work opens new opportunities for wideband transmission and reception in FUS-mediated BBB opening for clinical and preclinical use.