Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

5.2K
Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
5.2K
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

999
When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
999
Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

75.8K
Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
75.8K
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

701
T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
701
Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

6.9K
Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
6.9K
Transcription01:10

Transcription

146.9K
Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...
146.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Distinct transcription factors control tissue adaptation and effector function in infant and adult memory T cells.

Nature immunology·2026
Same author

Safety Profile of Nebulized Ciprofloxacin-Dexamethasone After Pediatric Airway Surgery.

The Laryngoscope·2026
Same author

Immune development in early life.

Nature immunology·2026
Same author

Age determines NK cell fate and tissue compartmentalization to CMV infection.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Characteristics of Young Children Hospitalized With Acute Respiratory Failure From Infection With Respiratory Syncytial Virus, SARS-CoV-2, or Both, November 2023-March 2024.

Open forum infectious diseases·2026
Same author

Tissue signatures of human macrophages during homeostasis and activation.

Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2025

Isolation of Tonsillar Mononuclear Cells to Study Ex Vivo Innate Immune Responses in a Human Mucosal Lymphoid Tissue
07:38

Isolation of Tonsillar Mononuclear Cells to Study Ex Vivo Innate Immune Responses in a Human Mucosal Lymphoid Tissue

Published on: June 14, 2020

7.5K

Distinct Localization, Transcriptional Profiles, and Functionality in Early Life Tonsil Regulatory T Cells.

Shivali Verma1, Marissa C Bradley2, Joshua Gray1

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY.

Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)
|June 21, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Early life immune cells, CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), show distinct functions in tonsils compared to blood. Pediatric Tregs exhibit enhanced activation and IL-10 production, highlighting tissue

More Related Videos

Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice
07:17

Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice

Published on: June 22, 2016

9.8K
Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation
15:33

Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation

Published on: August 13, 2013

15.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 23, 2025

Isolation of Tonsillar Mononuclear Cells to Study Ex Vivo Innate Immune Responses in a Human Mucosal Lymphoid Tissue
07:38

Isolation of Tonsillar Mononuclear Cells to Study Ex Vivo Innate Immune Responses in a Human Mucosal Lymphoid Tissue

Published on: June 14, 2020

7.5K
Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice
07:17

Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice

Published on: June 22, 2016

9.8K
Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation
15:33

Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation

Published on: August 13, 2013

15.9K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are crucial for immune homeostasis, but their role in early human development is unclear.
  • Understanding Treg function during infancy and childhood is vital for comprehending immune system development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate age-related differences in Treg biology between pediatric and adult subjects.
  • To compare Treg characteristics in blood versus tissue (tonsil) environments.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of blood and tonsil Treg populations from pediatric and adult donors.
  • Assessment of FOXP3 expression, Treg proportions, cellular interactions, and transcriptional profiles.
  • Functional assays evaluating Treg activation, proliferation, and cytokine production (IL-10).

Main Results:

  • Pediatric tonsil Tregs showed higher FOXP3 expression and proportions than blood Tregs.
  • Early life Tregs localized to extrafollicular regions and interacted more with CD8+ T cells.
  • Tonsil Tregs, particularly in children, displayed enhanced activation, proliferation, and IL-10 production compared to adult Tregs.

Conclusions:

  • Tissue microenvironments significantly shape Treg identity and function.
  • Early life Tregs possess unique functional properties, including heightened activation and IL-10 secretion.
  • This study provides novel insights into the developmental trajectory of human Treg biology across the lifespan.