Related Experiment Video
Updated: Apr 30, 2026
Lower Limb Biomechanical Analysis of Healthy Participants
Published on: April 15, 2020
A randomised crossover trial on the effects of foot starting position on calf raise test outcomes: Position does
Kim Hébert-Losier1, Ma Roxanne Fernandez2, Josie Athens3
1Division of Health, Engineering, Computing and Science, Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand.
Background:
This randomised crossover study with repeated measures examined the influence of the three most common foot starting positions used in conducting the calf raise test (CRT) on test outcomes. This study also accounted for the potential influence of gender, age, body mass index (BMI), and level of physical activity on test outcomes.
Methods:
Forty-nine healthy individuals (59 % female, 21 ± 4 years) performed single-leg calf raise repetitions in a human movement laboratory in three randomised foot starting positions: flat, 10° incline, and step. The validated Calf Raise application was used to track the vertical displacement of a marker placed on the foot using computer vision. The application extracted the following CRT outcomes from the vertical displacement curve: number of repetitions, peak vertical height, total vertical displacement, and total positive work. Data were analysed using mixed-effects models and stepwise regression.
Results:
There was a significant main effect (P < 0.001) of foot starting position on all outcomes, with all paired comparisons being statistically significant (P ≤ 0.023). Repetitions, total vertical displacement, and total positive work were greatest in flat and lowest in step, whereas peak vertical height was greatest in incline and lowest in step. Gender (P = 0.021; males>females) and BMI (P = 0.002; lower BMI>higher BMI) significantly influenced the number of repetitions. Gender (P < 0.001; males>females) also influenced total positive work. Age and physical activity levels did not significantly influence CRT outcomes.
Conclusions:
CRT foot starting position mattered and significantly affected all CRT outcomes. CRT foot starting position needs consideration when contrasting data in research and practice.
