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Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation02:19

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation

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The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent...
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Transcription01:10

Transcription

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Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...
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Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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The Cell Cycle Control System01:28

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The cell cycle regulation directs how a cell proceeds from one phase to the next and begins mitosis. The cell cycle control system includes intracellular regulatory molecules and external triggers. They provide "stop" or "advance" signals and operate at specific cell cycle stages termed checkpoints to ensure that a particular process is completed before the cell advances to the next phase.
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Molecular Factors Affecting Cell Division01:27

Molecular Factors Affecting Cell Division

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Several external and internal factors influence the initiation and inhibition of cell division. For instance, the death of nearby cells or the release of human growth hormone (hGH) promotes cell division. In contrast, lack of hGH or crowding of cells can inhibit cell division.
Several proteins function as internal regulators to ensure each cell cycle stage is completed faithfully before proceeding to the next. Regulator molecules may act directly or influence the activity or production of other...
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Understanding how cells and organisms keep time during development.

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    Biological processes require precise timing. Researchers explore diverse scientific questions and methods for understanding biological time-keeping mechanisms across different life forms.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biology
    • Biochemistry
    • Genetics

    Background:

    • Understanding how biological processes are controlled in space and time is a fundamental question in biology.
    • Various molecular and cellular mechanisms have been proposed as biological timers.
    • Research in this field investigates the intricate regulatory networks governing temporal processes.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To gather insights from researchers on their specific scientific questions regarding biological time-keeping.
    • To document the diverse approaches and methodologies employed in studying biological timing.
    • To provide a collection of expert perspectives on the challenges and advancements in the field of biological clocks.

    Main Methods:

    • The study involves a collection of 'Voices' from researchers.
    • Researchers define their specific scientific questions related to time-keeping.
    • Approaches used to answer these questions are detailed by the contributing scientists.

    Main Results:

    • The collection highlights a wide range of research questions in biological time-keeping.
    • It showcases diverse experimental and theoretical approaches used by scientists.
    • The findings underscore the complexity and multifaceted nature of biological timing mechanisms.

    Conclusions:

    • Biological time-keeping is a complex and actively researched area with diverse approaches.
    • Understanding temporal regulation is crucial for various biological processes.
    • Continued research is essential to unravel the full scope of biological time-keeping mechanisms.