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Vaccinations

Vaccinations

Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment

Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment

Transmission-based precautions are for patients infected or suspected to be infected (or colonized) with organisms posing a significant risk to others. The transmission precautions include airborne and protective environment precautions.
Airborne precautions:
Use airborne precautions when treating patients known or suspected to have diseases that spread through the air—for example, tuberculosis or measles. These organisms are present in smaller droplets expelled by an infected person and...

Viral Mutations

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...

Transmission-based Precautions I: Contact, Enteric, and Droplets

Transmission-based Precautions I: Contact, Enteric, and Droplets

Transmission-based precautions are for patients known to be infected or suspected to be infected or colonized with organisms that pose a significant risk to others. Some transmission-based precautions include contact, enteric, and droplet.
Contact Precautions:
Contact precautions are the measures taken to prevent the transmission of infectious agents, especially epidemiologically important microorganisms such as MRSA or influenza, primarily transmitted through direct or indirect contact with an...

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
Here is a detailed explanation of its pathophysiology:
Transmission: The process begins when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis. These are typically released into the air when an individual with pulmonary or...

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Updated: Jun 23, 2025

Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice

Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice

Published on: February 22, 2019

Pertussis vaccines, epidemiology and evolution.

Matthieu Domenech de Cellès¹, Pejman Rohani^2,3,4

¹Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.

Nature Reviews. Microbiology

|June 21, 2024

Summary

Pertussis (whooping cough) remains a threat, with recent resurgences in vaccinated populations. This review explores the complex immunology and epidemiology of Bordetella pertussis, aiming to explain current challenges.

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Epidemiology
Evolutionary Biology

Background:

Pertussis, caused by Bordetella pertussis, is a highly infectious disease with a long history.
While whole-cell pertussis (wP) vaccines drastically reduced incidence, concerns over reactogenicity led to acellular (aP) vaccines.
Recent pertussis resurgences in countries with high aP coverage have sparked debate.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the complexities of contemporary pertussis epidemiology and immunology.
To address controversies surrounding natural and vaccine-derived immunity duration and effectiveness.
To propose explanations for incongruous observations in pertussis resurgence.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on pertussis immunology, epidemiology, and bacterial evolution.
Analysis of factors contributing to pertussis resurgence despite vaccination.
Discussion of challenges in pertussis surveillance and diagnosis.

Main Results:

Controversy exists regarding vaccine effectiveness in preventing transmission and severe disease.
Bordetella pertussis evolution may impact vaccine-induced immunity.
Incomplete case detection and diagnostic heterogeneity complicate understanding.

Conclusions:

Understanding pertussis requires addressing complexities in immunity, transmission, and bacterial evolution.
Further research is needed to resolve debates on vaccine efficacy and pertussis resurgence.
A parsimonious explanation for current pertussis challenges is proposed.