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Related Concept Videos

Hardy-Weinberg Principle01:49

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

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Diploid organisms have two alleles of each gene, one from each parent, in their somatic cells. Therefore, each individual contributes two alleles to the gene pool of the population. The gene pool of a population is the sum of every allele of all genes within that population and has some degree of variation. Genetic variation is typically expressed as a relative frequency, which is the percentage of the total population that has a given allele, genotype or phenotype.
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What is Population Genetics?01:25

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A population is composed of members of the same species that simultaneously live and interact in the same area. When individuals in a population breed, they pass down their genes to their offspring. Many of these genes are polymorphic, meaning that they occur in multiple variants. Such variations of a gene are referred to as alleles. The collective set of all the alleles within a population is known as the gene pool.
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Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift01:09

Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift

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In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).
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Genetic Drift03:33

Genetic Drift

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Natural selection—probably the most well-known evolutionary mechanism—increases the prevalence of traits that enhance survival and reproduction. However, evolution does not merely propagate favorable traits, nor does it always benefit populations.
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Genetic Variation01:25

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Genetic variation is the diversity in DNA sequences found among individuals of the same species. This diversity is crucial for a species' survival because it helps organisms adapt to environmental changes. Genetic variation begins with fertilization, where an egg and sperm cell merge. Each of these cells carries 23 chromosomes, up to 46 in the fertilized egg. Chromosomes are long DNA strands that contain genes, the basic units of heredity.
Genes exist in different versions called alleles,...
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Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Updated: Jun 23, 2025

Isolation of Fidelity Variants of RNA Viruses and Characterization of Virus Mutation Frequency
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Allele Frequency Net Database.

Faviel F Gonzalez-Galarza1, Antony McCabe2, Eduardo J Melo Dos Santos3

  • 1Department of Molecular Immunobiology, Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Torreon, Coahuila, Mexico. faviel.gonzalez@uadec.edu.mx.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|June 22, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Allele Frequency Net Database (AFND) provides extensive human population data for immune-related genes, including HLA. Recent updates incorporate next-generation sequencing data, enhancing its utility for diverse research fields.

Keywords:
FrequenciesHLAImmunogeneticsPolymorphismsPopulation genetics

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Population Genetics
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • The Allele Frequency Net Database (AFND) is a critical online resource for immune-related gene frequencies in global human populations.
  • It houses data from over 14 million individuals across 129 countries, covering numerous polymorphic regions, including the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) system.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an updated overview of the Allele Frequency Net Database (AFND).
  • To highlight recent developments and enhanced search functionalities within the AFND resource.

Main Methods:

  • Compilation and integration of allele frequency data from diverse global human populations.
  • Inclusion of genotype raw data and next-generation sequencing data from extensive population samples.
  • Development and refinement of web-based searching mechanisms for efficient data retrieval.

Main Results:

  • The AFND now contains data from 1784 population samples, encompassing over 14 million individuals.
  • Recent additions include genotype data from 85,000 individuals and extensive next-generation sequencing data from >3 million individuals.
  • The database supports a wide array of applications, including histocompatibility, immunology, epidemiology, and vaccine development.

Conclusions:

  • The AFND continues to be a vital, expanding resource for researchers in various scientific disciplines.
  • Ongoing updates and enhanced search features improve accessibility and utility for population genetics and immunological studies.
  • The database's comprehensive data supports advancements in personalized medicine and public health initiatives.