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Related Concept Videos

The Replisome03:01

The Replisome

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DNA replication is carried out by a large complex of proteins that act in a coordinated matter to achieve high-fidelity DNA replication. Together this complex is known as the DNA replication machinery or the replisome.
The synthesis of the leading and lagging strands is a highly coordinated process. To explain this, the “Trombone model” was proposed by Bruce Alberts in 1980. The DNA loop formation starts when a primer is synthesized on the parent lagging strand. The loop grows with...
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Translesion DNA Polymerases02:10

Translesion DNA Polymerases

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Translesion (TLS) polymerases rescue stalled DNA polymerases at sites of damaged bases by replacing the replicative polymerase and installing a nucleotide across the damaged site. Doing so, TLS allows additional time for the cell to repair the damage before resuming regular DNA replication.
TLS polymerases are found in all three domains of life - archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes. Of the different classes of TLS polymerases, members of the Y family are fitted with specialized structures that...
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Proofreading01:31

Proofreading

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Synthesis of new DNA molecules is carried out by the enzyme DNA polymerase, which adds nucleotides on the daughter strand complementary to the template DNA strand. DNA polymerase has a higher affinity to add the correct base and ensures fidelity during DNA replication. Furthermore,  it exhibits proofreading activity during replication, using an exonuclease domain that cuts off incorrect nucleotides from the nascent DNA strand.
Errors During Replication are Corrected by the DNA Polymerase...
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DNA Replication02:40

DNA Replication

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DNA replication involves the separation of the two strands of the double helix, with each strand serving as a template from which the new complementary strand is copied.  After replication, each double-stranded DNA includes one parental or “old” strand and one “new” strand. This is known as semiconservative replication. The resulting DNA molecules have the same sequence and are divided equally into the two daughter cells.
Replication in Prokaryotes
DNA replication...
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Lagging Strand Synthesis01:59

Lagging Strand Synthesis

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During replication, the complementary strands in double-stranded DNA are synthesized at different rates. Replication first begins on the leading strand. Replication starts later, occurs more slowly, and proceeds discontinuously on the lagging strand.
There are several major differences between synthesis of the leading strand and synthesis of the lagging strand. 1) Leading strand synthesis happens in the direction of replication fork opening, whereas lagging strand synthesis happens in the...
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Replication in Prokaryotes01:32

Replication in Prokaryotes

24.8K
DNA replication has three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Replication in prokaryotes begins when initiator proteins bind to the single origin of replication (ori) on the cell's circular chromosome. Replication then proceeds around the entire circle of the chromosome in each direction from the two replication forks, resulting in two DNA molecules.
Many Proteins Work Together to Replicate the Chromosome
Replication is coordinated and carried out by a host of specialized...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2025

Single-Molecule Fluorescence Visualization of DNA Polymerase Dynamics at G-Quadruplexes
05:37

Single-Molecule Fluorescence Visualization of DNA Polymerase Dynamics at G-Quadruplexes

Published on: April 4, 2025

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Mapping fast DNA polymerase exchange during replication.

Longfu Xu1, Matthew T J Halma1, Gijs J L Wuite2

  • 1Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLab, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Nature Communications
|June 22, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

DNA polymerase rapidly and autonomously exchanges during replication, challenging protein-assisted models. This autonomous replication model features a

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Direct Restart of a Replication Fork Stalled by a Head-On RNA Polymerase
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Visualizing Single-molecule DNA Replication with Fluorescence Microscopy
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Visualizing Single-molecule DNA Replication with Fluorescence Microscopy

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 23, 2025

Single-Molecule Fluorescence Visualization of DNA Polymerase Dynamics at G-Quadruplexes
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Single-Molecule Fluorescence Visualization of DNA Polymerase Dynamics at G-Quadruplexes

Published on: April 4, 2025

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Direct Restart of a Replication Fork Stalled by a Head-On RNA Polymerase
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Direct Restart of a Replication Fork Stalled by a Head-On RNA Polymerase

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Visualizing Single-molecule DNA Replication with Fluorescence Microscopy
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Genetics

Background:

  • DNA replication mechanisms are extensively studied, but DNA polymerase exchange dynamics remain unclear.
  • Current models suggest protein partners like helicase facilitate DNA polymerase exchange during replication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanism of DNA polymerase exchange during replication.
  • To determine if DNA polymerase exchange is protein-coordinated or autonomous.

Main Methods:

  • Mechanical DNA manipulation techniques were employed.
  • Single fluorescent protein observation was utilized to track DNA polymerase dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Data revealed rapid and autonomous exchange of DNA polymerase during replication, independent of other proteins.
  • DNA polymerase exhibited fast unbinding and rebinding dynamics with preferences for polymerase, exonuclease activity, or pausing.
  • A 'memory effect' was observed, where DNA polymerase tended to retain its previous activity upon rebinding.

Conclusions:

  • Findings support an autonomous DNA replication model.
  • This model incorporates rapid protein exchange, bursts of activity, and a 'memory effect' for processive replication.