A digital image analysis approach to understand the microscopic and macroscopic phenomena in dissolved air flotation

Dissolved air flotation (DAF) is an effective method for separating suspended oil and solid particles from wastewater by utilizing small air bubbles. This study aims to investigate the impact of key factors, such as saturating pressure and water flow rate, on the separation of fine oil droplets from a water stream. The macroscopic flow patterns within the cell were analyzed using particle image velocimetry (PIV), while Digital Image Analysis (DIA) was employed to study microscopic phenomena, including oil droplet rising velocity and oil-bubble contact mechanisms. Our findings propose a safe operating window (specifically, water flow rate and saturation pressure) for the effective separation of oil droplets without any oil escaping into the clean water stream. It was found that the oil droplet rising velocity increases with the saturation pressure up to 200 kPa. However, a further increase in the pressure of the air saturating chamber leads to a decrease in oil droplet rising velocity. Additionally, we identified a peak in rising velocity at an oil droplet size of approximately 200 µm. Below this threshold, the rising velocity increases with droplet size, while for droplet sizes exceeding 200 µm, the rising velocity decreases with size. This behavior can be explained by the conflicting effects of droplet size increment according to the Stokes law for the rising velocity of oil droplets. As the droplet size increases, the average density of the bubbles/droplet aggregate rises, reducing the ∆ρ in the Stokes law and subsequently lowering the aggregate rising rate. However, as per the Stokes law, the oil droplet rising velocity increases proportionally to the square of its size.