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Related Concept Videos

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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The nucleolus is the most prominent substructure of the nucleus. When it was first discovered, it was considered to be an isolated organelle that forms fibrils and granules. In 1931, the relationship between the nucleolus and chromosomes was first described by Heitz. He observed that the appearance and size of nucleolus varies depending on the stage of the cell cycle. He also noticed constricted regions on different chromosomes clustered together at definite cell cycle stages. These regions,...
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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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Long non-coding RNAs in the nucleolus: Biogenesis, regulation, and function.

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Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are key regulators within the nucleolus, influencing ribosomal RNA (rRNA) production and nucleolar structure. New tools may reveal further insights and therapeutic strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The nucleolus is a critical cellular organelle involved in ribosomal RNA (rRNA) biogenesis and ribosome assembly.
  • Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) transcribed by various RNA polymerases play significant roles in nucleolar functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the molecular mechanisms of functional lncRNAs in the nucleolus.
  • To discuss the implications of lncRNAs in biological processes and nucleolar organization.
  • To highlight emerging tools for studying RNA function in living cells.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on nucleolar lncRNAs.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms governing lncRNA function in the nucleolus.
  • Discussion of technological advancements in RNA research.

Main Results:

  • lncRNAs fine-tune rRNA transcription and processing.
  • lncRNAs contribute to the structural organization of the nucleolar condensate.
  • Emerging molecular tools offer new avenues for investigating lncRNA roles.

Conclusions:

  • Functional lncRNAs are integral to nucleolar regulation and organization.
  • Understanding lncRNA mechanisms in the nucleolus has broad biological implications.
  • Advanced tools may unlock novel therapeutic strategies targeting the nucleolus.