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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2025

Methods for Studying Uterine Contributions to Pregnancy Establishment in an Ovariectomized Mouse Model
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Pathophysiology from preconception, during pregnancy, and beyond.

Marie-France Hivert1, Helena Backman2, Katrien Benhalima3

  • 1Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse (CoRAL), Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.

Lancet (London, England)
|June 23, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gestational diabetes, the most common pregnancy complication, is more complex than previously thought. Understanding its subtypes and early metabolic changes is key to preventing maternal and infant complications.

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Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Endocrinology
  • Perinatal Medicine

Background:

  • Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most frequent medical complication during pregnancy.
  • Historically, GDM management focused on late-second trimester glycemic control.
  • Emerging evidence highlights the influence of pre-pregnancy and pregnancy-specific factors, including non-glycemic roles, on GDM etiology and outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To challenge the traditional view of gestational diabetes.
  • To explore the heterogeneity of GDM based on timing and pathophysiology.
  • To investigate the impact of early metabolic perturbations on maternal and fetal development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent evidence on gestational diabetes pathophysiology.
  • Analysis of factors influencing gestational glycaemia.
  • Examination of insulin secretion and resistance patterns in early and late pregnancy.

Main Results:

  • Gestational diabetes exhibits heterogeneity, with distinct early and insulin-resistant subtypes.
  • Early GDM metabolic changes can impair placental development and affect fetal growth.
  • Specific GDM subtypes are linked to increased risks of pregnancy complications.

Conclusions:

  • A deeper understanding of GDM pathophysiology and heterogeneity is crucial.
  • Novel management strategies are needed to prevent short- and long-term complications for mothers and offspring.
  • Interventions should encompass pre-conception, pregnancy, and postpartum periods.