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Related Concept Videos

Assessment of the Rectum and Anus01:25

Assessment of the Rectum and Anus

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Evaluating the rectum and anus plays a crucial role in conducting a thorough physical examination of the gastrointestinal system. Although it may be uncomfortable and often embarrassing for the patient, it holds immense diagnostic value, particularly in detecting gastrointestinal diseases and abnormalities. This guide will explain how to perform this assessment using inspection and palpation methods.
Rectal Inspection
Begin by inspecting the perianal and anal areas for color, texture, rashes,...
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Cancer Prevention02:59

Cancer Prevention

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Several factors can increase the risk of cancer in an individual. About 50% of cancer cases can be prevented by adopting a healthy lifestyle, regular exercise, eating healthy, and following a modest cancer prevention diet. Epidemiological studies have consistently shown that populations with vegetable and fruit-rich diets have reduced the incidence of cancer. On the other hand, populations who have a diet rich in animal fat, red meat, junk food, or high calories are predisposed to cancer.
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Endoscopic Procedures II: Colonoscopy01:25

Endoscopic Procedures II: Colonoscopy

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The colon, or large intestine, is the final segment of the digestive system. Its primary functions include absorbing water and vitamins produced by gut bacteria and transforming waste from liquid to solid to form stool. In adults, the large intestine is approximately 5 feet long and consists of four main sections:
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Tumor Progression02:07

Tumor Progression

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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
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Cancer-Critical Genes II: Tumor Suppressor Genes01:05

Cancer-Critical Genes II: Tumor Suppressor Genes

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Genes usually encode proteins necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy cell. Mutations can often cause changes to the gene expression pattern, thereby altering the phenotype.
When the function of certain critical genes, especially those involved in cell cycle regulation and cell growth signaling cascades, gets disrupted, it upsets the cell cycle progression. Such cells with unchecked cell cycles start proliferating uncontrollably and eventually develop into tumors.
Such genes that act...
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Ulcerative Colitis01:27

Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Ulcerative Colitis

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Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease, or IBD, encompasses a group of disorders characterized by chronic inflammation or ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract.
Risk Factors
The exact cause of IBD remains unclear, although it is believed to be due to a mix of genetic, environmental, microbial, and immune factors. Genetic factors are significant in determining susceptibility to IBD, with family history being a critical risk factor. Individuals with a first-degree relative who has IBD are at...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2025

Competing-Risk Nomogram for Predicting Cancer-Specific Survival in Multiple Primary Colorectal Cancer Patients after Surgery
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Competing-Risk Nomogram for Predicting Cancer-Specific Survival in Multiple Primary Colorectal Cancer Patients after Surgery

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Colorectal cancer.

Cathy Eng1, Takayuki Yoshino2, Erika Ruíz-García3

  • 1Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA.

Lancet (London, England)
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Colorectal cancer incidence is rising globally, especially in younger patients. Advances in systemic therapy, surgery, and targeted treatments are improving survival rates for this common cancer.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Surgical Oncology

Background:

  • Colorectal cancer remains a leading global cancer diagnosis, with rising incidence in emerging economies and increasing concern for early-onset cases (age ≤50 years).
  • Despite decreasing rates in some high-income populations, the overall global burden necessitates continued research and clinical advancements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a multidisciplinary overview of recent clinical advances in the management of colorectal cancer.
  • To highlight key areas of ongoing research and future directions in colorectal cancer treatment.

Main Methods:

  • This overview synthesizes current clinical research and expert perspectives on colorectal cancer management.
  • It examines advances in systemic therapy, surgical techniques, and molecularly targeted treatments.

Main Results:

  • Significant progress has been made in increasing overall survival rates through improved systemic therapies and surgical options.
  • Ongoing research focuses on sphincter preservation, precision oncology, circulating tumor DNA, microbiome analysis, and liver metastases management.

Conclusions:

  • Multidisciplinary approaches and ongoing research are crucial for improving outcomes in colorectal cancer.
  • Future directions emphasize personalized medicine and innovative locoregional strategies to combat this disease.