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Related Concept Videos

Formation of Complex Ions03:45

Formation of Complex Ions

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A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

Extraction: Advanced Methods

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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
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Metal-Ligand Bonds02:51

Metal-Ligand Bonds

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The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...
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Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes01:09

Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes

360
In complexation reactions, metal cations are the electron pair acceptors, and the ligands are the electron pair donors. The stability of the metal complexes depends primarily on the complexing ability of the central metal ion and the nature of the ligands. Generally, the complexing ability of the metal ion depends on the size and charge of the ion. As the metal ion size increases, the stability of the metal complexes decreases, provided that the valency of the metal ion and the ligands remain...
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Complexation Equilibria: Overview01:23

Complexation Equilibria: Overview

664
Complexation reactions take place when dative or coordinate covalent bonds form between metal ions and ligands. The compounds formed in these reactions are called coordination compounds. The number of bonds formed between the metal ion and the ligands is called its coordination number. Generally, most metal ions in an aqueous solution are solvated by water molecules and thus exist as aqua complexes.
The equilibrium constant of the complexation reaction is represented as the formation constant...
664
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

26.3K
Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
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Quantification of Metal Leaching in Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography
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The metal cofactor: stationary or mobile?

Peter-Leon Hagedoorn1, Martin Pabst1, Ulf Hanefeld2

  • 1Afdeling Biotechnologie, Technische Universiteit Delft, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft, 2629 HZ, The Netherlands.

Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
|June 23, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Metal cofactors are essential for enzyme catalysis and can move during reactions. This mobility, observed in various enzymes like class II aldolases and medium-chain dehydrogenases (MDR), is crucial for substrate activation and catalytic function.

Keywords:
Class II aldolaseMedium-chain dehydrogenaseMetal cofactorMetal movementXylose isomerase

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Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry Techniques for Determining the Structure and Mechanisms of Metal Ion Recognition and Redox Activity of Metal Binding Oligopeptides
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Benchtop Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography, Reconstitution and Assay of a Polyhistidine Tagged Metalloenzyme for the Undergraduate Laboratory
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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Enzymology
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • Metal cofactors are vital for numerous biological catalytic processes.
  • The dynamic nature of metal cofactors, with movements exceeding 4 Å, is increasingly recognized.
  • Metal ion mobility plays diverse roles in enzymatic mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the functional significance of mobile metal cofactors in enzyme catalysis.
  • To explore the role of metal cofactor movement in substrate activation and turnover.
  • To highlight the prevalence of metal cofactor mobility across different enzyme classes.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of enzyme structures and mechanisms.
  • Focus on enzymes with known mobile metal cofactors, such as xylose isomerase, medium-chain dehydrogenases (MDR), and class II aldolases.
  • Examination of substrate-induced conformational changes affecting metal cofactor positioning.

Main Results:

  • Metal cofactor movement is essential for catalytic purposes in enzymes like xylose isomerase and MDR.
  • In class II aldolases, metal cofactor mobility dictates the transition between resting and active states.
  • Substrate docking triggers metal cofactor repositioning, enabling catalysis in class II aldolases.

Conclusions:

  • Metal cofactor mobility is a conserved and functionally important feature in enzymes.
  • The dynamic positioning of metal ions is critical for substrate binding and activation.
  • Further research is warranted to uncover the full extent of metal cofactor movement in biological systems.