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Related Concept Videos

Newtonian Fluid: Problem Solving01:18

Newtonian Fluid: Problem Solving

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Newtonian fluids exhibit a constant viscosity, meaning their shear stress and shear strain rate are directly proportional. This property ensures a predictable and stable response to applied forces, maintaining a linear relationship between force and flow. Examples include water, air, and light oils, consistently demonstrating this proportional behavior regardless of external conditions.
A velocity gradient forms within the fluid when a Newtonian fluid is placed between two parallel plates, with...
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Steady, Laminar Flow Between Parallel Plates01:17

Steady, Laminar Flow Between Parallel Plates

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Understanding steady, laminar flow between parallel plates is essential for analyzing and designing flow in narrow rectangular channels, commonly found in various water conveyance and drainage systems. The Navier-Stokes equations govern fluid motion and are generally challenging to solve due to their nonlinearity. However, simplifications are possible in certain cases, like the steady laminar flow between parallel plates. For this scenario, we assume steady, incompressible, laminar flow.
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Protein Diffusion in the Membrane01:24

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Proteins show rotational as well as lateral diffusion across the membrane. The lateral diffusion of proteins was confirmed through the cell fusion experiment where mouse and human cells were fused, resulting in hybrid cells. When the human and mouse cells fused, the specific membrane proteins on human and mouse cells were marked with the red and green-fluorescent markers, respectively. Initially, the red and green fluorescence was located on the respective hemisphere of the cell. As time...
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Steady, Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes01:23

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Hagen-Poiseuille flow describes a viscous fluid's steady, incompressible flow through a cylindrical tube with a constant radius R. This flow profile is often applied to understand fluid transport in narrow channels, such as capillaries. It serves as a foundational example of laminar flow. In this model, cylindrical coordinates (r,θ,z) are used to describe the radial (r), angular (θ), and axial (z) dimensions within the tube. For Hagen-Poiseuille flow, the velocity profile is...
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Couette Flow01:22

Couette Flow

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Couette flow represents the flow of fluid between two parallel plates, with one plate fixed and the other moving with a constant velocity. This configuration allows for a simplified analysis using the Navier-Stokes equations, which govern fluid motion under conditions of viscosity and incompressibility. For Couette flow, the assumptions include a steady, laminar, incompressible flow with a zero-pressure gradient in the flow direction. This flow type is beneficial for understanding shear-driven...
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Uniform Depth Channel Flow01:27

Uniform Depth Channel Flow

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Uniform depth channel flow keeps fluid depth consistent along channels such as irrigation canals. In natural channels, such as rivers, approximate uniform flow is often assumed. This condition occurs when the channel’s bottom slope matches the energy slope, balancing potential energy lost from gravity with head loss due to shear stress. This balance prevents depth changes along the channel length, resulting in a steady, uniform flow.Uniform flow in open channels with a constant cross-section...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2025

The Diffusion of Passive Tracers in Laminar Shear Flow
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Stable diffusion gradients in microfluidic conduits bounded by fluid walls.

Federico Nebuloni1,2, Cyril Deroy1,2, Peter R Cook2

  • 1Department of Engineering Science, Osney Thermo-Fluids Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 0ES UK.

Microsystems & Nanoengineering
|June 24, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces fluid-walled microfluidics for creating precise concentration gradients in biomedical research. The developed model accurately predicts these gradients, aiding in the study of cellular responses to bioactive molecules.

Keywords:
EngineeringPhysics

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Last Updated: Jun 23, 2025

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A Microfluidic Device for Quantifying Bacterial Chemotaxis in Stable Concentration Gradients
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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Microfluidics
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Accurate in vitro concentration gradients are crucial for studying biological responses like infection fighting and blood clotting.
  • Conventional solid-plastic microfluidic devices limit direct cellular access.
  • Fluid-walled microfluidics offers a novel approach using immiscible fluids for circuit fabrication on Petri dishes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate an analytical model for predicting diffusion and concentration gradients in fluid-walled microfluidic conduits.
  • To enable precise control over bioactive molecule concentrations for cellular studies.
  • To facilitate rapid design of microfluidic circuits for biomedical research.

Main Methods:

  • Development of an analytical model for diffusion in fluid-walled conduits with circular segment cross-sections.
  • Experimental validation of the model using fluorescein diffusion between laminar streams.
  • Focus on fluid walls that adapt to flow pressures, unlike rigid solid walls.

Main Results:

  • The analytical model was experimentally validated for Fourier numbers < 0.1.
  • The model accurately predicts concentration gradients within the fluid-walled conduit.
  • Demonstrated the ability to anticipate local bioactive molecule concentrations around cells.

Conclusions:

  • The validated model allows for a priori prediction of concentration gradients in fluid-walled microfluidic systems.
  • This technology enhances the study of cellular responses to controlled chemical environments.
  • Provides bio-scientists with a powerful tool for designing microfluidic assays and interpreting cellular behavior.