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Aldehydes and Ketones with Alcohols: Hemiacetal Formation01:19

Aldehydes and Ketones with Alcohols: Hemiacetal Formation

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Similar to water, alcohols can add to the carbonyl carbon of the aldehydes and ketones. The addition of one molecule of alcohol to the carbonyl compound forms the hemiacetal or half acetal. As depicted below, in a hemiacetal, the carbon is directly linked to an OH and OR group.
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[3,3] Sigmatropic Rearrangement of Allyl Vinyl Ethers: Claisen Rearrangement01:24

[3,3] Sigmatropic Rearrangement of Allyl Vinyl Ethers: Claisen Rearrangement

2.1K
The Claisen rearrangement is a [3,3] sigmatropic rearrangement of allyl vinyl ethers to unsaturated carbonyl compounds. The rearrangement is a concerted pericyclic reaction proceeding via a chair-like transition state.
2.1K
Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Acid-Catalyzed Hydration02:34

Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Acid-Catalyzed Hydration

8.4K
The rate of acid-catalyzed hydration of alkenes depends on the alkene's structure, as the presence of alkyl substituents at the double bond can significantly influence the rate.
8.4K
Stereochemical Effects of Enolization01:12

Stereochemical Effects of Enolization

2.0K
The chiral α-carbon of the carbonyl compound is the stereocenter of the molecule. As shown in the figure below, when such a carbonyl compound undergoes racemization under an acidic or basic condition, an achiral enol is formed.
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Acetals and Thioacetals as Protecting Groups for Aldehydes and Ketones01:24

Acetals and Thioacetals as Protecting Groups for Aldehydes and Ketones

4.1K
Acetals are formed by reacting two equivalents of alcohol with carbonyl compounds like aldehydes or ketones. Acetals are unaffected by bases, nucleophiles, oxidizing agents, and reducing agents. They serve as protecting groups for aldehydes and ketones. Acetals can be easily formed and also easily removed via mild acid hydrolysis.
In the presence of multiple functional groups, when selective reduction of one group over the other is desired, groups like aldehydes and ketones that form acetals...
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Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones: Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation01:22

Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones: Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation

4.1K
Baeyer–Villiger oxidation converts aldehydes to carboxylic acids and ketones to esters. The reaction uses peroxy acids or peracids and is often catalyzed by acid. The reaction is named after its pioneers, Adolf von Baeyer and Victor Villiger. The reaction is achieved by a wide range of peracids such as m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA), perbenzoic acid (C6H5COOOH), peracetic acid (CH3COOOH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BuOOH).
The carbonyl center is...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2025

Facile Preparation of 2Z,4E-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate
06:46

Facile Preparation of 2Z,4E-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate

Published on: June 21, 2017

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Roaming in acetaldehyde.

Vladimír Krajňák1, Stephen Wiggins1,2

  • 1School of Mathematics, University of Bristol, Fry Building, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, United Kingdom.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|June 24, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Acetaldehyde photodissociation shows two roaming pathways, unlike formaldehyde. Shorter-range roaming is unique to acetaldehyde, driven by repulsive forces not seen in simpler models.

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Area of Science:

  • Chemical Dynamics
  • Photochemistry
  • Molecular Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Roaming dynamics in molecular photodissociation are crucial for understanding reaction pathways.
  • Acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) and formaldehyde (H2CO) exhibit distinct photochemical behaviors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate and differentiate roaming dynamics in acetaldehyde photodissociation.
  • To compare acetaldehyde's roaming mechanisms with those of formaldehyde.

Main Methods:

  • Full-dimensional trajectory studies on acetaldehyde.
  • Analysis using a two-degree-of-freedom restricted model.
  • Phase space analysis to assess pathway accessibility.

Main Results:

  • Evidence for two distinct roaming pathways in acetaldehyde photodissociation.
  • Roaming observed at shorter (9-11.5 au) and larger (14.5-22.9 au) CH3-HCO separations.
  • Shorter-range roaming is unique to acetaldehyde, involving repulsive interactions.

Conclusions:

  • Acetaldehyde exhibits multiple roaming mechanisms, contributing to its increased roaming propensity.
  • A restricted model accurately reproduces longer-range roaming, analogous to formaldehyde.
  • Shorter-range roaming in acetaldehyde is facilitated by factors absent in simplified models.