Scaling Laws for the Influence of Gravity and Its Gradient on Dropwise Condensation: A Simulation Study

Gravity is essential for the shedding of condensed droplets on hydrophobic surfaces, whose influences on condensation parameters under unconventional gravity conditions remain unclear and are hard to probe through experiments. A simulation framework is designed here to investigate such phase-change processes. We find clear scaling laws between heat flux Q, residual volume V, gravitational acceleration g, and nucleation density N₀ with Q ∼ g^1/6N₀^1/3 and V ∼ g^-1/2N₀⁰. We also identify a critical gravitational acceleration determined by nucleation density, above which a counterintuitive trend emerges: the heat flux decreases with increasing gravitational acceleration. This deviation is attributed to the sharp decrease in heat flux contributed by droplets larger than the effective radius. In addition, for zero-gravity scenarios, a centrifugal strategy is proposed to simulate Earth's gravity by introducing artificial gravity with a spatial gradient. We reveal that the gradients have a significant influence on the residual volume but a minor one on the heat flux. The conclusions are informative for the estimation and design of condensation heat transfer systems for future space applications.