Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

13.2K
Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
Ribosome biogenesis begins with the synthesis of 5S and 45S pre-rRNAs by distinct RNA polymerases. The primary transcripts are extensively processed and modified before they are bound and folded by ribosomal proteins and assembly factors,...
13.2K
Nucleic Acid Structure01:25

Nucleic Acid Structure

6.1K
The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group on the ribose's second carbon and a hydrogen on the deoxyribose's second carbon. The phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5′ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3′ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide, which forms  a 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage.
DNA Structure
DNA...
6.1K
RNA Editing02:23

RNA Editing

9.0K
RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
9.0K
Types of RNA01:20

Types of RNA

5.7K
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA Performs Diverse...
5.7K
pre-mRNA Processing02:01

pre-mRNA Processing

52.8K
In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a “cap” to the 5’ end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5’ phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached to it (7-Methyl...
52.8K
Nucleic Acids02:43

Nucleic Acids

44.1K
Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell's genetic blueprint and carry instructions for its functioning.
DNA and RNA
The two main types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). DNA is the genetic material in all living organisms, ranging from single-celled bacteria to multicellular mammals. It is in the nucleus of eukaryotes and in the organelles, chloroplasts, and mitochondria. In prokaryotes,...
44.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Electrochemical CO<sub>2</sub> Reduction on a Bi-Sn Eutectic Alloy in Acidic Media for Formic Acid Production.

ChemSusChem·2026
Same author

Lessons, narratives, and research directions for a sustainable circular economy.

Journal of industrial ecology·2026
Same author

Flipper: An advanced framework for identifying differential RNA binding behavior with eCLIP data.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Inhalation dose and seasonal variability in indoor radon, thoron, and their progeny in the sub-mountainous Dhauladhar region of Himachal Pradesh, NW Indian Himalaya.

Environmental geochemistry and health·2026
Same author

PKM2-DNMT3A-SMAD2 Axis Regulates Cell Proliferation via Histone Lactylation in Breast Cancer.

Molecular and cellular biology·2026
Same author

Single-cell and isoform-specific translational profiling of the mouse brain.

Nature·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2025

Cell Based Assays of SINEUP Non-coding RNAs That Can Specifically Enhance mRNA Translation
10:21

Cell Based Assays of SINEUP Non-coding RNAs That Can Specifically Enhance mRNA Translation

Published on: February 1, 2019

8.4K

Small nuclear RNAs enhance protein-free RNA-programmable base conversion on mammalian coding transcripts.

Aaron A Smargon, Deepak Pant, Sofia Glynne

    Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
    |June 25, 2024
    PubMed
    Summary

    Small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) can be guided to precisely edit RNA bases in human cells. This advance offers a new tool for RNA targeting and potential treatments for genetic diseases.

    More Related Videos

    DNA-Tethered RNA Polymerase for Programmable In vitro Transcription and Molecular Computation
    09:26

    DNA-Tethered RNA Polymerase for Programmable In vitro Transcription and Molecular Computation

    Published on: December 29, 2021

    4.2K
    A Reporter Based Cellular Assay for Monitoring Splicing Efficiency
    08:53

    A Reporter Based Cellular Assay for Monitoring Splicing Efficiency

    Published on: September 15, 2021

    2.7K

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 23, 2025

    Cell Based Assays of SINEUP Non-coding RNAs That Can Specifically Enhance mRNA Translation
    10:21

    Cell Based Assays of SINEUP Non-coding RNAs That Can Specifically Enhance mRNA Translation

    Published on: February 1, 2019

    8.4K
    DNA-Tethered RNA Polymerase for Programmable In vitro Transcription and Molecular Computation
    09:26

    DNA-Tethered RNA Polymerase for Programmable In vitro Transcription and Molecular Computation

    Published on: December 29, 2021

    4.2K
    A Reporter Based Cellular Assay for Monitoring Splicing Efficiency
    08:53

    A Reporter Based Cellular Assay for Monitoring Splicing Efficiency

    Published on: September 15, 2021

    2.7K

    Area of Science:

    • Molecular Biology
    • RNA Biology
    • Gene Regulation

    Background:

    • Small nuclear RNAs (U snRNAs) are crucial for pre-mRNA processing in eukaryotes.
    • Previous research established guide-programmable U snRNAs for exon splicing modulation.
    • Existing RNA targeting technologies have limitations in efficiency and specificity.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the potential of U snRNAs for enhancing RNA base conversion compared to current technologies.
    • To evaluate the efficiency and specificity of snRNA-guided RNA base editing.
    • To explore the application of snRNAs in modifying RNA splicing and pseudouridylation.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing guide-programmable U snRNAs for targeted adenosine-to-inosine (A>I) and uridine-to-pseudouridine (U>Ψ) base conversions in human cells.
    • Comparing snRNA-guided editing with adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR)-recruiting circular RNAs.
    • Analyzing transcriptome-wide effects and subcellular localization of engineered snRNAs.
    • Assessing the impact of A>I snRNAs on pre-mRNA 3' splice site editing.

    Main Results:

    • Guided A>I snRNAs demonstrated higher adenosine-to-inosine editing efficiency, particularly for genes with more exons.
    • snRNA-guided editing perturbed fewer genes in the transcriptome compared to ADAR-recruiting circular RNAs.
    • Engineered snRNAs exhibited more persistent nuclear localization where ADAR is expressed.
    • A>I snRNAs successfully edited pre-mRNA 3' splice sites, leading to altered splicing.
    • snRNA fusions with H/ACA box snoRNAs enhanced targeted RNA pseudouridylation (U>Ψ).

    Conclusions:

    • U snRNAs offer a powerful, protein-free platform for targeted RNA base conversion.
    • Engineered snRNAs provide enhanced efficiency and specificity for RNA editing applications.
    • This technology advances minimally invasive RNA targeting strategies for potential therapeutic use in genetic diseases.