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Related Concept Videos

Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

2.4K
Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
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Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability01:31

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

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In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
When diamagnetic materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Hence, the susceptibility for diamagnets has a minimal negative value of 10-5–10-6. Since...
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Diamagnetism01:26

Diamagnetism

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Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets....
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Paramagnetism01:30

Paramagnetism

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Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...
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Magnetism01:30

Magnetism

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Magnets are commonly found in everyday objects, such as toys, hangers, elevators, doorbells, and computer devices. Experimentation on these magnets shows that all magnets have two poles: one is labeled north (N) and the other south (S). Magnetic poles repel if they are alike and attract if unlike. Moreover, both poles of a magnet attract unmagnetized pieces of iron.
An individual magnetic pole cannot be isolated. No matter how small, every piece of a magnet contains a north pole and a south...
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Magnetic Force01:18

Magnetic Force

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In addition to the electric forces between electric charges, moving electric charges exert magnetic forces on each other. A magnetic field is created by a moving charge or a group of moving charges known as the electric current. A magnetic force is experienced by a second current or moving charge in response to this magnetic field. Fundamentally, interactions between moving electrons in the atoms of two bodies produce magnetic forces between them.
The magnetic force acting on a moving charge...
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Related Experiment Video

Optimized Setup and Protocol for Magnetic Domain Imaging with In Situ Hysteresis Measurement
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Optimized Setup and Protocol for Magnetic Domain Imaging with In Situ Hysteresis Measurement

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Graded magnetic materials.

Lorenzo Fallarino1, Brian J Kirby2, Eric E Fullerton3,4

  • 1CIC Nanogune BRTA, E-20018 Donostia - SanSebastian, Spain.

Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics
|June 25, 2024

View abstract on PubMed

Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Graded magnetic materials offer precise control over magnetic properties in thin films. This review highlights advances in compositional gradients for tailored magnetic states and future research directions.

Keywords:
exchange spring mediaferromagnetismgraded magnetic materialsmagnetic phase transitionpolarized neutron spectroscopy

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Graded magnetic materials are a novel area in material science.
  • Thin alloy films with compositional depth profiles show promise for tunable magnetic properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in graded magnetic materials.
  • To focus on compositional gradients and their effect on magnetic states in ferromagnets.

Main Methods:

  • Review of experimental studies on thin alloy films with compositional gradients.
  • Analysis of heterostructures and their tailored depth profiles.

Main Results:

  • Precise control over exchange coupling and Curie temperatures in graded films.
  • Demonstration of depth-dependent magnetic states in ferromagnets.

    • Conclusions:

    • Graded magnetic materials offer significant potential for fundamental science and applications.
    • Future research should address remaining challenges in creating and utilizing these materials.