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Bacterial Flora of the Large Intestine01:29

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The gut microbiome is formed by a vast and diverse community of bacteria that colonizes our large intestine. These bacteria start residing in the gut from birth and continue diversifying throughout life, influenced by factors such as diet, lifestyle, and stress. The gut bacterial community also includes bacteria from food and those that enter the colon through the anus.
The normal gut flora of the colon plays a critical role in generating essential vitamins such as vitamins K, B5, and B7.
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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
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The human body contains a monogastric digestive system. In a monogastric digestive system, the stomach only contains one chamber in which it digests food. Several other animal species also have monogastric digestive systems, including pigs, horses, dogs, and birds. This chapter, however, focuses on the human digestive system.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2025

Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
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The microbiome compositional and functional differences between rectal mucosa and feces.

Xiao-Fei Yin1, Taoyu Ye2, Han-Lin Chen1

  • 1Department of Gastroenterology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China.

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|June 25, 2024
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals distinct gut microbiome differences between rectal mucosa and feces in patients with colonic polyps. Mucosal microbiomes show unique compositions and pathways, offering insights into colorectal cancer risk.

Keywords:
KEGG Orthologydifferential markersgut microbiomemetagenomic sequencingrectal mucosa

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiome research
  • Gut health
  • Colorectal cancer pathogenesis

Background:

  • Previous gut microbiome studies predominantly used fecal samples, neglecting the intestinal mucosal microbiome.
  • The microbial communities residing on the rectal mucosa remain relatively unexplored, creating a knowledge gap.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively map and compare the microbial communities in rectal mucosa versus matched fecal samples.
  • To investigate the unique microecological characteristics of the rectal mucosa and their association with colorectal cancer risk factors.
  • To identify potential gut microbiome biomarkers for health and disease states.

Main Methods:

  • Shotgun metagenomics was employed to analyze microbial composition.
  • Samples included normal rectal mucosa and matched feces from 20 patients with colonic polyps.
  • KEGG Orthology (KO) annotation was used to explore functional pathways.

Main Results:

  • Significant distinctions were observed between mucosal and fecal microbiomes.
  • The mucosal microbiome exhibited fewer genera, with Burkholderia being a key discriminating genus.
  • Novel biomarkers, including Clostridium ramosum and Enterobacter cloacae, were identified in association with age.
  • Enrichment of pathways related to sugar transport and short-chain fatty acid metabolism was noted in the mucosal microbiota.

Conclusions:

  • The rectal mucosal microbiome possesses unique characteristics distinct from fecal microbiomes.
  • These findings highlight the specificity of gut microbial communities and their potential role in colorectal cancer.
  • The study provides a foundation for developing new microbiome-based strategies for colorectal cancer prevention and treatment.