[Lower extremity arterial disease (LEAD)]

Area of Science:

• Vascular Medicine
• Cardiovascular Disease
• Atherosclerosis Research

Background:

• Peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) is a significant manifestation of atherosclerosis.
• PAOD increases the risk of major cardiovascular events, including myocardial infarction, stroke, amputation, and cardiovascular death.
• The disease presents in two main forms: stable intermittent claudication and chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI).

Purpose of the Study:

• To highlight the importance of early diagnosis for asymptomatic PAOD.
• To outline screening methods for PAOD.
• To detail treatment strategies for different stages of PAOD to prevent severe outcomes.

Main Methods:

• Screening for PAOD using the ankle-brachial index (ABI).
• Management of cardiovascular risk factors such as diabetes mellitus and smoking.
• Implementation of antithrombotic medication.
• Exercise training for intermittent claudication.
• Endovascular or surgical revascularization for CLTI.

Main Results:

• The ankle-brachial index (ABI) is an effective tool for early PAOD screening.
• Consistent management of risk factors and antithrombotic therapy are vital.
• Exercise training improves outcomes for stable intermittent claudication.
• Prompt revascularization in CLTI is essential to prevent amputation.

Conclusions:

• Early detection and comprehensive management of PAOD are critical.
• Tailored treatment strategies, including risk factor control, exercise, and revascularization, can mitigate severe cardiovascular events and limb loss.
• PAOD requires diligent medical attention due to its high-risk nature.