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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of...
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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
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All-optical spin switching on an ultrafast time scale.

Wolfgang Hübner1, Georgios Lefkidis1, G P Zhang2

  • 1Department of Physics, Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Universität, Kaiserslautern-Landau, 67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany.

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal
|June 25, 2024
PubMed
Summary

All-optical spin switching (AOS) offers ultrafast magnetic storage solutions using laser pulses. This review summarizes a decade of experimental and theoretical advancements in AOS, exploring its potential for future technologies.

Keywords:
all-opticaldensity functional theoryfemtomagnetismlasermagnetismspin switchingultrafast

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Information Technology

Background:

  • The demand for faster and denser magnetic storage is driven by the information technology revolution.
  • All-optical spin switching (AOS) presents a promising solution, enabling magnetization reversal in 1-10 picoseconds using only laser pulses, independent of magnetic fields.
  • Two primary mechanisms exist: helicity-dependent (HD-AOS) and helicity-independent (HID-AOS).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review major experimental and theoretical developments in all-optical spin switching (AOS) over the past decade.
  • To provide an introduction for new researchers and a summary for experienced scientists in the field.
  • To highlight the progress towards practical applications of AOS technology.

Main Methods:

  • Review of experimental findings on single-pulse and multi-pulse switching in various magnetic materials.
  • Analysis of theoretical models investigating the underlying mechanisms of AOS.
  • Compilation of research on material-specific and laser-specific properties influencing switching dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Significant progress has been made in understanding and controlling AOS in diverse magnetic materials.
  • While some alloys allow single-pulse switching, most require multiple laser pulses.
  • Material and laser properties critically influence the switching efficiency and speed, though the exact mechanism remains debated.

Conclusions:

  • A decade of research has advanced AOS, moving the field closer to practical applications in magnetic storage.
  • Further investigation into the fundamental mechanisms is needed to optimize AOS performance.
  • AOS holds significant potential for next-generation data storage technologies.