"Lethal Mutations" a Misnomer or the Start of a Scientific Revolution?

The aim of this paper is to review the history surrounding the discovery of lethal mutations, later described as delayed reproductive death. Lethal mutations were suggested very early on, to be due to a generalised instability in a cell population and are considered now to be one of the first demonstrations of "radiation-induced genomic instability" which led later to the establishment of the field of "non-targeted effects." The phenomenon was first described by Seymour et al. in 1986 and was confirmed by Trott's group in Europe and by Little and colleagues in the United States before being extended by Mendonca et al. in 1989, who showed conclusively that the distinguishing feature of lethal mutation occurrence was that it happened suddenly after about 9-10 population doublings in progeny which had survived the original dose of ionizing radiation. However, many authors then suggested that in fact, lethal mutations were implicit in the original experiments by Puck and Marcus in 1956 and were described in the extensive work by Sinclair in 1964, who followed clonal progeny for up to a year after irradiation and described "small colony formation" as a persistent consequence of ionizing radiation exposure. In this paper, we examine the history from 1956 to the present using the period from 1986-1989 as an anchor point to reach into the past and to go forward through the evolution of the field of low dose radiobiology where non-targeted effects predominate.