Doping Up the Light: A Review of A/B-Site Doping in Metal Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals for Next-Generation LEDs

All-inorganic metal halide perovskite nanocrystals (PeNCs) show great potential for the next generation of perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs). However, trap-assisted recombination negatively impacts the optoelectronic properties of PeNCs and prevents their widespread adoption for commercial exploitation. To mitigate trap-assisted recombination and further enhance the external quantum efficiency of PeLEDs, A/B-site doping has been widely investigated to tune the bandgap of PeNCs. The bandgap of PeNCs is adjustable within a small range (no more than 0.1 eV) by A-site cation doping, resulting in changes in the bond length of Pb-X and the angle of [PbX₆]⁴. Nevertheless, B-site doping of PeNCs has a more significant impact on the bandgap level through modification of surface defect states. In this perspective, we delve into the synthesis of PeNCs with A/B-site doping and their impacts on the structural and optoelectronic properties, as well as their impacts on the performance of subsequent PeLEDs. Furthermore, we explore the A-site and B-site doping mechanisms and the impact of device architecture on doped PeNCs to maximize the performance and stability of PeLEDs. This work presents a comprehensive overview of the studies on A-site and B-site doping in PeNCs and approaches to unlock their full potential in the next generation of LEDs.