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Atomic Orbitals

Atomic Orbitals

An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2025

Harmonic Nanoparticles for Regenerative Research

Harmonic Nanoparticles for Regenerative Research

Published on: May 1, 2014

High-Order Harmonics Generation Using Spherical and Non-Spherical Nanoparticles.

Rashid A Ganeev^1,2,3, Aigars Atvars¹

¹Laboratory of Nonlinear Optics, Institute of Astronomy, University of Latvia, Raina Boulevard 19, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia.

Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)

|June 26, 2024

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Non-spherical nanoparticles significantly reduce high-order harmonic generation (HHG) efficiency compared to spherical ones. However, nanoparticle plasmas consistently show higher HHG efficiency than atomic or ionic plasmas.

Keywords:

high-order harmonic generation non-spherical nanoparticles spherical nanoparticles

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Area of Science:

Laser-induced plasmas
Nanoparticle synthesis
Nonlinear optics

Background:

High-order harmonic generation (HHG) is a key process in nonlinear optics.
Laser ablation of materials in liquids is used to produce nanoparticles (NPs).
The morphology of NPs can influence plasma properties and subsequent HHG.

Purpose of the Study:

To analyze the conversion efficiency of HHG in laser-induced plasmas containing spherical and non-spherical nanoparticles.
To compare HHG efficiency in NP plasmas versus atomic/ionic plasmas.
To investigate the effect of NP morphology on HHG.

Main Methods:

Laser ablation of metals in water to produce spherical NPs.
Aging of spherical NPs to synthesize non-spherical morphologies (e.g., triangle, cubic, rod).
Drying NPs on substrates and subsequent laser ablation to create plasmas for HHG analysis.

Main Results:

HHG efficiency in non-spherical NPs was at least five times lower than in spherical NPs.
Spherical NPs maintaining their morphology during aging showed similar HHG efficiency.
NP plasmas exhibited higher HHG conversion efficiency than atomic/ionic plasmas of the same elements.
NP plasmas showed featureless harmonic distributions, unlike atomic/ionic plasmas with resonance enhancement.

Conclusions:

Nanoparticle morphology critically impacts HHG efficiency, with spherical shapes being more favorable.
Plasmas generated from nanoparticles offer superior HHG conversion efficiency compared to atomic/ionic plasmas.
The controlled synthesis of NPs allows for tuning of HHG properties.