Combining data on the bioavailability of midazolam and physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling to investigate...

Pediatric physiologically-based modeling in drug development has grown in the past decade and optimizing the underlying systems parameters is important in relation to overall performance. In this study, variation of clinical oral bioavailability of midazolam as a function of age is used to assess the underlying ontogeny models for intestinal CYP3A4. Data on midazolam bioavailability in adults and children and different ontogeny patterns for intestinal CYP3A4 were first collected from the literature. A pediatric PBPK model was then used to assess six different ontogeny models in predicting bioavailability from preterm neonates to adults. The average fold error ranged from 0.7 to 1.38, with the rank order of least to most biased model being No Ontogeny < Upreti = Johnson < Goelen < Chen < Kiss. The absolute average fold error ranged from 1.17 to 1.64 with the rank order of most to least precise being Johnson > Upreti > No Ontogeny > Goelen > Kiss > Chen. The optimal ontogeny model is difficult to discern when considering the possible influence of CYP3A5 and other population variability; however, this study suggests that from term neonates and older a faster onset Johnson model with a lower fraction at birth may be close to this. For inclusion in other PBPK models, independent verification will be needed to confirm these results. Further research is needed in this area both in terms of age-related changes in midazolam and similar drug bioavailability and intestinal CYP3A4 ontogeny.